Iko kushandiswa kwefetiraiza yakasvibirira muhurongwa hwekurima mbatatisi - izvo zvaunofanira kuziva kuitira kuti kudyarwa kwemanyowa akasvibira kunyatsobatsira uye kusakanganisa tsika.
Zvirimwa zvemanyowa zvakasvibirira inyaya yakakurumbira mukugadzirwa kwezvirimwa. Masayendisiti uye agronomists mune zvese vanoita huwandu hwakakura hwekuyedza neakasiyana mavhu epasi, vachiburitsa zvavakawana munzvimbo yeruzhinji.
Ndeapi ma siderates embatatisi: zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira
Nekudaro, sekureva kweimwe yeongororo yemasayendisiti echiDutch, red clover usati wadyara mbatatisi yakawedzera goho rematubhu kupfuura musanganiswa weoats / pizi / vetch.
Nekudaro, clover inokonzeresa kune verticillary wilt, inova njodzi kune inotevera tsika yembatatisi. Uye chena clover, seyakatangira mbatatisi, kazhinji ine mhedzisiro yakaipa pazvibereko.
Oats emusango kana oats emusango, chipembenene chinotyisa chezviyo, zvisingatarisirwi zvakazoonekwa kuti zvinobatsira kumatata. Kuyedza kwegore maviri kwakaitwa muArgentina Wild oats, yaishandiswa seyakagadzirwa manyowa, yaive nemhedzisiro pane goho uye chiitiko che scab. Chibereko chetuber chaive chakakwirira, uye kumanikidzwa kwecabvu munzvimbo dzinotapukirwa nehutachiona dzaive shoma.
Soy inyanzvi yakatangira mbatatisi, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinodziya. Soy inonyanya kushivirira ivhu acidity kupfuura yakawanda nyemba uye yakashanda zvakanaka kurwisa scab. Kukanganisika kwekukura kwesoya sechirimwa ndechekuti inoburitsa masara mashoma uye nekudaro haibatsire mukuchengetedza ivhu rezvinhu zvakasikwa.
Lupine inodiwa muEastern Europe sechirimwa chekuvhara pamberi pembatata.
Maitiro ayo pane goho anowanzo kutora makore maviri mukutenderera. Lupine bhinzi ine inodzivirira mhedzisiro kumatodes uye rhizoctonia uye inogona kuve inonakidza sarudzo.
Mune dzimwe nyika, rye raimbove chirimwa chakakurumbira chekuvhara kana chirimwa chinotenderera chirimwa chembatatisi, kunyanya pavhu rakareruka. Kusiyana nemarume, rye haridi pH yakakura uye rinokwikwidza zvikuru nemasora. Iyo ndeimwe yemhando dzakanakisa dzekudzivirira nitrate leaching mukudonha. Rye zvakare inoshivirira zvakanyanya tembiricha yakaderera yechando. Nehurombo, rye rakaoma kuuraya muchirimo uye, haiwa, inzvimbo yemiti yematodes inorwisa mbatatisi.
Zvirimwa zveKabichi senge machena mustard, oiri radish uye rapeseed zvine akati wandei mabhenefiti. Vanokura nekukurumidza, vasingadzivirire kutonhora, vakanakisa nitrogen zvinowedzera, mbeu dzavo dzakachipa, uye vanofa munguva yechando. Dzvinyirira nematodes. Uye zvakare, mustard inoita kunge inoshanda pakurwisa scab uye rhizoctonia. Imwe inogona kudzosera phytotoxicity muzvitubu zvakatonhora. Cruciferous zvirimwa zvinowanzo wedzera yakaoma nyaya yezvirimwa zvinotevera zvembatatisi.
Ko masayendisiti anotii? Maonero agronomist
Paunenge uchifunga manyowa akasvibira embatatisi, zvinobatsira kuverenga chinyorwa chakanyorwa naAndrew McGuire, nyanzvi yemadiridziro yezvirimwa paUniversity yeWashington. Munyori anodana manyowa akasvibira kana manyowa akasvibira manyowa akasvibira embatatisi, zvinova zvinowirirana nechinangwa chezvirimwa zvinovhara pasi.
“Manyowa egirini chirimwa chinorimwa chobva chaiswa muvhu asi chakasara chiri chegirinhi. Iyi tsika yakashandiswa zvakanyanya kugadzirisa ivhu uye kupa zvinovaka muviri kuzvirimwa zvisati zvagadzirwa mafetiraiza.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, varimi vembatatisi vakatora kufarira hunyanzvi hwekare zvakare, vachisarudza manyowa akasvibira kubva mumasitadhi kuti vawedzere goho nekuvandudza ivhu rakaorera renyika.
Nekudaro, kusiyana neepasi-purofiti, mashoma-akashandiswa mafetira manyoro ekare, mafetiraidhi egirini yemastarda anoda kuwedzerwa kuwedzerwa, humwe hunyanzvi hwekurima, uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kudiridza.
Vanoda nzwisiso yemazuva ano yeiyo ecology, ivhu tupukanana, chirimwa biochemistry, uye nzira yekuuchika uye yekuongorora. Zvinotendwa kuti, kusiyana nefetiraiza yekugadzira, manyowa akasvibira anogona kusimudzira hunhu, makemikari uye zvipenyu zvevhu.
Kukohwa kwemanyowa yemasitadhi manyoro unotemwa uye unosimbiswa mukudonha kusati kwasimwa mbatatisi mune ramangwana.
Hunhu hwevhu hwakadai sekutsvedza, kupinda kwemvura, kuchengetwa kwemvura uye aeration zvinowanzo gadziridzwa nekuwedzera organic chinhu muvhu, angave mupfudze, manyowa akasvibira, manyowa kana zvisaririra zvezvirimwa. Izvi zvinoguma mukukura kwemidzi yakakura, ine hutano midzi inobatsira zvinomera zvirinani kubata nekushushikana.
Ivhu hwehupenyu hunhu senge microbial biomass, zviitiko zvehupenyu uye zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvinogona zvakare kuvandudzwa nefetiraiza yakasvibirira. Shanduko idzi muhupenyu hwevhu dzinopa kukurudzira kwepfupi kwenguva pfupi kwekushandisa manyowa akasvibira muhurongwa hwekukura kwembatatisi, kunyanya kudzora tupukanana twepasi uye utachiona hwakadai sezvirwere zvefungal nehutachiona.
Iwo makemikari zvivakwa zvevhu zvakagadziridzwa nekuwedzera iwo mazinga ehutano uye ehupenyu zvinhu. Kana ikashandiswa mune mamwe masisitimu ari kukura, manyowa akasvibira anoshanda seinotsiva mafigigants anodhura.
Nekudaro, kukura uye kureba kweiyi mhedzisiro inobatsira kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, senge kugadzirwa kwevhu, tembiricha uye hunyoro, zera nemhando dzemiti, mamiriro ekunze, nzira dzekucheresa, mhando dzezvipembenene uye nhanho, uye kutenderera kwezvirimwa. Nekudaro, mabhenefiti emasitadhi semugove wakasvibira wembatatisi anosiyana muminda.
Kukanganiswa kwemanyowa egirini pazvipembenene zvevhu mugumo wenzira dzinoverengeka dzekudyidzana dzinoshanda muketani yakaoma yekudyidzana muvhu. Naizvozvo, hazvisati zvichikwanisika kutaura kuti ndeipi michina inonyanya kukosha kana mashandiro anoita imwe yakabatana neimwe - tinogona chete kuona kuti ndeapi mashandiro anogona kushanda uye kuve akakosha pakurima mbatatisi.
Kutenderera zvirimwa
Kusvikira kufambira mberi muivhu microbiology kwave kuwanikwa, mhando zhinji dzevhu dzinofukidza zvirimwa dzakaverengerwa muhurongwa hwekushandura zvirimwa.
Kutenderedza goho kwakaringana kunoderedza matambudziko ezvipukanana nekushandura mamiriro ezvinhu ezvisikwa uye zvipenyu mumunda.
Chipembenene chega chega chine marongero emamiriro ezvinhu aanofarira. Kana tupuka tikatenderwa kuve nemamiriro avo avanoda kwenguva refu, vanowanda nekukurumidza uye vanounza matambudziko.
Kazhinji, kutenderera kwezvirimwa nemisi yakasiyana yekudyara (chirimo nematsutso), zvirimwa zvakasiyana (zvegore uye zvinogara zviripo; yakareba uye ipfupi; ine tsvimbo uye ine fibrous midzi masisitimu) uye zvakasiyana kutapukira kune tupukanana (huswa maringe nehurefu huswa) inova yakakosha rubatsiro kune kurima nevarimi vembatatisi. kusanganisira.
Kudzvanywa kwezvirwere zvevhu
Yechipiri mashandiro mune zvimwe zvirimwa zvekuvhara pasi zvinodaidzwa kuti "biological disease suppression". Masayendisiti anozviona sekudzvanyirirwa kwezvirwere zvinotakurwa nevhu, kunyangwe hosha inokonzera chirwere ichiripo muvhu pane inogona kutyisa.
Kunyanya pamatezi mune iyo verticillary wilt (Verticillium dahliae) vaongorori vakaona kuti apo mamwe manyowa akasvibira (bhari, mustard, rapeseed, huswa hweSudan, uye chibage chinotapira) akaiswa muvhu asati adyara, huwandu hwehutachiona Verticillium yaive yakaderera kunyangwe paive neakakwira fungus mumunda.
Manyowa akasvibirira sosi yesimba yezvinhu zvidiki zvinobatsira. Inofungidzirwa kuti zvipuka izvi zvinodzinga Verticilliumkuwedzera munhamba.
Zvino, mushure mekudyara mbatatisi, ivo vanogona kusabvisa Verticillium kubva munzvimbo iri padhuze nemidzi yematatata inonzi rhizosphere. Ino inzvimbo chete panowanikwa hutachiona hwehutachiona hunogona kutapura zvirimwa zvembatatisi.
Masayendisiti anotenda kuti dzimwe nzira dziripo mukurwira chirimwa chako, kusanganisira kupindira (kuwedzerana kuwedzera kana kuderera muhukuru hunoguma) hwezviratidzo zvemakemikari pakati pezvirwere nezvirimwa.
Inofanira kuyeukwa kuti masara akasara emiti haashande nemazvo semiti mitsva. Naizvozvo, vhara chirimwa nezvivharo zvevhu zvichiri zvakasvibirira.
Biofumigation
Izwi iri rinoshandiswa kureva mugumisiro wekutenderera kwezvirimwa kana zvirimwa zvemanyowa zvakasvibirira pazvipembenene zvinobva muvhu.
Zvirimwa zvakadai sekuputirwa uye masitadhi zvine bioactive makemikari anonzi glucosinolates.
Muvhu, mamwe maglucosinolates mumidzi, madzinde nemashizha akaputswa kuita isothiocyanates (ITC) nemamwe makemikari.
Isothiocyanates inozivikanwa kuuraya kana kudzvinyirira mamwe phytopathogen uye nematodes. Kune akawanda marudzi eglucosinolates anogadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzeITC ine huturu hwakasiyana kuzvipukanana zvakasiyana.
Methyl ITC ikemikari inoshanda iyo, seyakajairika synthetic fumigant, ine in vitro yakadzvinyirira kukura kwechena kuora, powdery scab uye pink kuora. Kuedzwa kwemunda kwakaratidza mhedzisiro, uye kutsvagisa kuri kuenderera.
Huswa hweSudan (kana sorghum sorghum) uye mapira zvakaratidzirwa kuti zvinoshanda pakurwisa midzi nematodes nekugadzira durrin, iyo, yakaita seglucosinolates, inogadzira chinoumba chine chepfu painoshandiswa muvhu - mune ino hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Kazhinji, iko kusungwa kweglucosinolates inosvika pamusoro wayo nguva pfupi isati yatumbuka uye inosara kusvikira zvirimwa zvatanga kuoma.
Maitiro azvino ndeekukuya mupfudze wegirini usati wauparadzira kuti uone kuti biofumigants yakasangana nevhu. Chishandiso chakanakisa cheichi chinogona kunge chiri chekumhanyisa shredder. Chekupedzisira, kugadzirwa kweITC kwakakura pane ivhu nyoro pane ivhu rakaoma, saka diridza munda mushure mekushandisa kana zvichibvira.
Ichi chirwere chemuzvarirwo chinodzvinyirira mashandiro chinoitika kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvaburitsa makemikari anosangana nemidzi yemidzi uye anoita mashandiro edziviriro echirimwa.
Usati wasarudza manyowa akasvibirira, tsanangura zvinangwa
Usati wawedzera zvirimwa zvemanyowa zvakasvibira pakutenderera kwako, unofanirwa kusarudza zvaunoda kuzadzisa: kudzora imwe nematode, chirwere, dambudziko rehuswa, kana kungogadzirisa ivhu.
Paunenge iwe wafunga nezve chako chikuru chinangwa, iwe unofanirwa kuita sarudzo dzemanejimendi kuti uwedzere kukanganisa kuchakutungamira kune icho chinangwa.
Kuisa zvinangwa kunofanirwa kufunga nezve musanganiswa wakasarudzika wezvirimwa, ivhu uye tupukanana papurazi rako, kana kunyangwe munzvimbo yega yega yauri kurima.
Sezvo mamwe marudzi emanyowa akasvibira achange ari nani mune mamwe mamiriro, iwe unofanirwa kuongorora zvakanakira nekukanganisa kwemhando yega yega yezvirimwa woedza izvo zvinoita kunge zvinoshanda zvakanyanya kune ako mamiriro.
Kubudirira kana kutadza kubatsirwa kubva pachibereko chevhu rakafukidzwa zvinoenderana nemataurirwo: nzira yekudyara, zuva rekudyara, chiyero chekudyara, kusanganisa, kudzora masora, uye nzira yekudyara nenguva. Usati watenga mbeu, ita shuwa kuti une ruzivo rwese nezve chirimwa chako chawakasarudza.
Mbeu kubva kune yakasarudzika pevhu inogona kudhura. Nekudaro, manyowa akasvibira anogadzirwa nembeu dzakachipa kwazvo, munzvimbo dzine marginal uye nekudiridza kushoma, kazhinji hazvipe zvinogutsa, kunyanya maererano nekudzora phytopathogens nematematodes.
Paunenge uchifunga nezve mutengo wefetiraiza yakasvibirira, zvakakosha kuti utarise zvese zvakanakira. Kunyangwe zviri nyore kuona mabhenefiti kana iwe uchikwanisa kudzora mashandisirwo emishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, zvakanyanya kuoma kuongorora mabhenefiti ehunhu hwepanyama hunhu kana zvimwe zvakanaka zvenguva refu.
Zvakare, rangarira kuti imwe yemari yaunoshandisa mukuchengetedza iyovhavha yepasi ingadai yakatambiswa zvakadaro. Izvi zvinoshanda kumafetireza - mazhinji acho anoramba ari muvhu yezvirimwa zvinotevera.
Funga nezvenguva nekuedza kunodiwa kuti uwane zvakanaka. Izvi zviwanikwa zvichave zviripo paunenge uchizvida here? Une zvimwe zviitiko here panguva ino yegore zvinogona kukutadzisa kupa tarisiro yakafanira kukohwa kwako kwemanyowa? Ungangoda kutenga zvimwe zvekushandisa uye nekuhaya vashandi. "
Verenga zvakawanda: https://www.agroxxi.ru/