Territory: 53 sq. km
Population: 3 vanhu, pairi 183% vagari vemumaguta.
Nzvimbo: chikamu cheVolga Federal District; Inotenderera kumadokero nematunhu eSaratov neUlyanovsk, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva munharaunda nharaunda yeOrenburg, kuchamhembe neRepublic of Tatarstan, kumaodzanyemba neKazakhstan.
Mamiriro okunze: inodziya kondinendi, inopfuura hafu yemwaka anticyclonic mhando yemamiriro ekunze anokunda. Avhareji tembiricha yemwedzi nemwedzi muna Chikunguru ndeye + 21 ° С, muna Ndira - 14 ° С. Mamiriro ekunze enharaunda anoonekwa nechando chakareba chine chando chidiki, zvitubu zvipfupi, inopisa uye yakaoma zhizha, uye pfupi mwaka wematsutso. Nharaunda yacho ndeyenharaunda isina kukwana mwando. Kunaya kwakanyanya kunoitika muna Chikumi naJuly.
Relief: nzizi dzeVolga neSamara dzinopatsanura dunhu renzvimbo muzvikamu zvitatu: Rudyi Bhangi, iyo yekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba Soko Rebhengi. Mazhinji enzvimbo (91,2%) iri muRuboshwe Bhangi. Iyo Kuibyshev neSaratov matura anowanikwa mukati medunhu. Parizvino, dunhu iri rine runyararo, rakasununguka zororo, rakanakira kusimudzira kwekurima.
Nzvimbo yevhu inoratidzirwa neakakosha heterogeneity. Iyo ivhu yekuvhara yedondo-steppe zone inomiririrwa kunyanya nechaichinjiwa uye yakajairika machernozems, pakati penzvimbo dzekupedzisira dzakakosha dzinogarwa nevasara carbonate. Iyo mavhu ematanho enzvimbo inomiririrwa zvakanyanya neyakajairwa uye maodzanyemba chernozems, isingasviki yakasviba chestnut mavhu, solonetzes, uye nzvimbo dzawo. Iyo yakawanda nzvimbo yevhu mudunhu (kusvika 80%) ine ivhu uye inorema loamy magadzirirwo.
Nzvimbo yekurima: 3, 387 zviuru. Ha.
NZVIMBO YEMAZUVA YEMUDZIMAI. DAMBUDZIKO NEZVITANGO
Samara mudunhu rinotora nzvimbo inokosha munhoroondo yemazuva ano Russian mbatatisi inokura. Iri nderimwe rematunhu kubva parakatanga kushandurwa muindasitiri muRussia muma90s yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX: shanduko yekunyanya kugadzirwa kwembatata.
Nhasi, varimi vembatatari veSamara vane chimwe chinhu chavanodada nacho: vane makore mazhinji echiitiko mukugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro yembeu uye mbatatisi yakagezwa, dunhu iri rinotora imwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira muRussia maererano negoho rembatatisi (pakupera kwegore ra2018, avhareji goho raive padanho re295 c / ha).
Nekudaro, mumakore achangobva kupfuura, iyo nzvimbo yekudyara (uye, zvichidaro, mavhoriyamu ekugadzira) emapiritsi etafura mudunhu iri ave kudzikira zvakanyanya. Sekureva kweBazi rezvekurima uye Chikafu mudunhu reSamara, muna 2018, mbatatari dzakadyarwa panzvimbo ye4,4 zviuru mahekari mudunhu (semuenzaniso, muna 2012, mahekita 7,2 zviuru zvakagoverwa chirimwa ichi). Muzvikamu zvese zvemapurazi edunhu rembatatisi, zviuru zvina makumi mana nezvishanu nemazana mana nemazana mana nemakumi mashanu zvakaunganidzwa (274,4% zvichienzaniswa na 90,6).
Zvikonzero zvikuru zvekurasikirwa kwefarira kwevarimi muchirimwa zvakajeka kune vese varimi vekuRussia mbatatisi: mitengo yekutenga yakaderera yechigadzirwa, icho chave chichienderera kwemakore akati wandei, nemitengo iri kukura yekukura gore rega.
"Mapurazi anomanikidzwa kutengesa mbatatisi pamitengo yakafanana neyemakore gumi apfuura," anodaro Oleg Vinogradov, director director weUniversity of Potato Growers weSamara Region, "asi panguva iyoyo paive nemitengo yakasiyana zvachose yefetiraiza, zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza miti, mbeu, mafuta ..."
Zvinoenderana nefungidziro ye Union of Potato Breeders, pamutengo wekugadzira mbatatisi dzekudya mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi mairi nemazana emazana rubles / ha uye goho re 250 t / ha (nechikamu chechigadzirwa), mutengo wekukura ndewegumi nemazana gumi nemashanu kusvika ma300. Kutenga mbatatisi paavhareji hakuwedzere 24 rubles / kg, izvo zvinoita kuti kugadzirwa kwe mbatatisi kusabatsire kune vazhinji vanogadzira.
Rutsigiro rweHurumende rwevarimi vebatatisi rwakaderera zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura. Kana muna 2012, varimi vebhatatisi vakadzorerwa mutengo wekutenga zvicherwa zvicherwa, zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvidyarwa, uye kudiridza, muna 2019, kugadzirwa kwembatatisi hakuna kubatanidzwa mukutsigirwa.
Kubva pane iripo rondedzero dzehurumende dzekutsigira matanho, varimisi vebatatisi vanogona chete tariro yezvikwereti zvakapfava uye muripo wekutenga mhodzi dzembeu.
Mune runyorwa rwematambudziko emapurazi eSamara, Oleg Vinogradov anosarudza kusangana pamwe chete nemaketeni ehurumende, iwo ari vatengi vekubika mbatatisi.
"Chero mugadziri," anodaro director mukuru weUnited of Potato Growers, "anoda kuwana mutengo wakanaka wechigadzirwa chayo. Asi ini ndinogara ndichimanikidzwa kubvisa kubva pamari yangu mari yeinopinda uye rebhesiti, muripo wekusimudzira, nezvimwe. Zvakaoma zvikuru kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro ”.
Uye zvakare, kwegore rechipiri, varimi vebatatisi mudunhu vanga vachinyatsoziva nezvemakwikwi kubva kune vanogadzira mbatatisi yekutanga: kupihwa kwezvirimwa zvitsva zvembatatisi kutanga kwemwaka wekutanga, munguva ino nzvimbo inoramba iine zvakakwana zveyakagadzirwa. Chikamu chakakosha che mbatata yemuno chinoramba chisingataurwe. Sekureva kwe Union of Potato Breeders, muna Kubvumbi 1, 2019, matani gumi nemapfumbamwe chete ematani embatatisi akasara akachengetwa kumatura emapurazi eSamara Region.
Ehezve, mamiriro ezvinhu aya mumaindasitiri anotungamira pakurasikirwa kweizvozvo zvinzvimbo izvo dunhu rakabata makore makumi maviri apfuura.
Kune rimwe divi, sachigaro weMubatanidzwa wevarimi vembatatari yedunhu reSamara, mukuru wekambani yembeu "Molyanov Agro Group" Vladimir Molyanov anosimbisa, mamiriro azvino haakwanise kutariswa semunhu akasarudzika dunhu uye nenyika yese. "Aka hakasi kekutanga varimi vematapiri vemudunhu iri vachisangana nematambudziko," anodaro. - Takapona kusanaya kwemvura kwegore ra2010, rekodhi rakadonha mumitengo mune yakanyanya kukohwa 2015. Mumakore iwayo akaoma, mapurazi akapona, ayo akadzidza kuburitsa chigadzirwa nemari shoma. "Izvi zvichiri kushanda izvozvi."
Chikamu chechipiri chiri munzira yekubudirira, maererano naMolyanov, chinofanira kunge chiri kushanda pachigadzirwa chechigadzirwa: "Kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu ekuvandudza mbatatisi inokura mudunhu, vakadzidza kukura kwazvo. "Izvi zvinoramba zvichienderana nekuwanda uye kunaka."
Sachigaro we Union of Potato Breeders anoti nyaya yekurwira kwemhando yakaumbirwa. Pano tinogona kutaura nezve kudiwa kwekuunzwa kwemhando dzemazuva ano dzakakodzera kushambidza uye kurongedza; uye kukosha kwekuvandudzika kwekudzorerwazve kwepasi, uye kuchengetedza kwekumanikidza kwemitemo yekutenderera kwezvirimwa uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda.
"Munhu anogona kugunun'una kuti gumi rubles pakirogiramu mutengo wakaderera," anodaro Vladimir Molyanov, "asi tichidzidza ruzivo rweEuropean, tinonzwisisa kuti murimi imomo anowana mari yakawanda zvakadaro pachigadzirwa chake. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti udzidze kurarama mune aya mamiriro, kufunga nezve zvese zvine njodzi, kushandisa mikana yese yekuchengetedza, kwete kudyara "zvisina tsarukano", netariro yekuti kumwe kunhu vavakidzani havangasimuke, kugwamba, kufa. Iyi yakaoma, asi ndiyo chete nzira inogoneka. Vamwe vese havangararame mujaho uyu. "
Mukuru we Union of Potato Breeders yedunhu vanofunga kutarisa nzira iyi kumabhizimusi eruzhinji: “Tine mabhizinesi akabudirira kwazvo mukukura mbatatisi, asi haamire pazvinzvimbo zvavo. Varimi varombo "Tsirulev", semuenzaniso, gore rega rinounza hutsva mhando, masters kugona kwehunyanzvi. Iri ibasa rakawanda, asi pasina izvi hapana mugumo. ”
Sarudzo uye SEEDING
Mumakore ekuma90s, goho remapato mumapurazi edunhu re Samara aive pamwero we60-70 kg / ha. Pakati peino nguva, mbatatisi dzakawanda dzembeu dzakatengwa dzichienda mudunhu (zvakanyanya kusarudzwa kweGerman: mumwe wevakatanga kupa chikamu cheGerman chikamu chaSolana). Muminda maivamo mbesa dzekunze dzakadyarwa, goho rakasvika risingafungidzike ipapo 330 c / ha.
Nekufamba kwenguva, chimwe chikamu chembeu yemarudzi ekunze chakatangwa chakatanga kugadzirwa munharaunda yeSamara. Nyanzvi dzekunze hadzina kungodzora maitiro ekudyara, asi zvakare vakaita basa rinoshanda mukuyedza uye kusarudza mitsara mitsva yakayambuka, uye vakawana mibairo inonakidza. Yakanga iri ipapo iyo tsika yakaiswa, nekuda kwayo iyo dunhu nhasi inochengeta mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwembeu. Anosvika zviuru gumi matani embeu yepamusoro-kubereka mbatatisi inotengeswa gore rimwe nerimwe kunze kwedunhu reSamara.
Mukati memakore makumi mapfumbamwe ekuma 90, pakamuka ruzhinji rwechifarira chirimwa, kubereka mbatatisi uye mbeu dzakagadziridzwa zvakare munzvimbo dzesainzi dzedunhu iri, iro rakambotarisana zvakanyanya nezvegorosi nechibage chechinyakare mudunhu iri. Nekudaro, nyanzvi dzeSamara Research Institute of Agriculture dzakagadzira matatu mbatatisi dzakabatanidzwa muNyika Kunyoresa of Selection Achihwina: Samara (2002), Zhigulevsky (2006) uye Bezenchuksky (2016).
Nhasi, Samara Research Institute of Agriculture iri kuenderera mberi nekushanda uye kubereka mbeu mbatatisi: chirongwa chakagadzirirwa kubereka nekuchimbidza uye kuiswa kwehutano hwembeu zvinhu zvisina hutachiona, viroid, fungal nezvimwewo hutachiona vachishandisa nzira dzebiotechnological, bhangi remarudzi mbatatisi mhando dzinoenderana zvakanyanya nemamiriro ekunze ezvematunhu eSamara akaumbwa.
Kupfuurirazve kurimwa kwembeu dze superelite, elite uye yekutanga kubereka yakarongedzwa mumabhizimusi akakura mbeu emudunhu.
FSBSI "Samara Research Institute of Agriculture" (pamwechete neSamara Agrarian University, LLC "Agrostar" uye matatu emakambani embeu) inhengo yeFederal Scientific uye technical Program yeKusimudzira Kwekurima kwe2017-2025. - chirongwa chakazara chesainzi nehunyanzvi "Kubudirira kwekuzadza mbatatisi uye kugadzirwa kwembeu mudunhu reSamara", iyo yakatsigirwa nebazi rezvekurima uye chikafu chedunhu reSamara. Zvinangwa zvikuru zvechirongwa ichi kugadzirwa kwemarudzi matsva ane hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinobudirira zvehupenyu uye nekuvandudza mhando yembeu mbatatisi. Pakazosvika 2025, chirongwa ichi chinotarisirwa kuburitsa mhando ina dzembatatisi.
KUSVIRA
Nhasi munharaunda yeSamara hapana kana bhizinesi rimwe rakakura rekunyatso gadzira mbatatisi, kunyangwe mubvunzo wekudiwa kwekuvhura kugadzirwa kwakadaro munharaunda yehunyanzvi wakamutswa kakawanda. Iyo tarisiro yekugadzira machipisi, french fries, yakagadziriswa mbatata starch yakafungidzirwa. Kubva pane maonero ekuona kwemaindasitiri nyanzvi, iri starch iri kuwedzera kudiwa pamusika nhasi. Ichi chigadzirwa chinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri mazhinji, kushandiswa kwayo kuri kukura gore rimwe nerimwe, asi munyika medu haina kuwanikwa.
Nekudaro, sekureva kwaVladimir Molyanov, uyu musoro wenyaya unoda kunyatso kudzidza. "Zvakakosha kwete chete kuvaka chirimwa," mukuru weUnited of Potato Varimi anotsanangura chimiro chake, "asi kutanga kugadzirwa, mari inochengetwa, uye mukati menguva yatinonzwisisa. "Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvakafanira kuongorora kugona kwemusika, kuona vanogona kukwikwidza (kusanganisira avo vari kungoronga kuvhura zvigadzirwa), kuverenga mitengo yezvinhu ... Uye tsvaga muzvinashawo mari kana chirongwa ichi chikaonekwa kuti chinobatsira mudunhu iri." Tichifunga nezvekugona kudyara, izvi zvichave zvakaoma.
Reclamation pamusoro
Anenge mbatata dzese dzeSamara (kusvika 99%), dzakagadzirwa muindasitiri mudunhu, dzakakura pane kudiridza. Zvakadaro, dunhu re Samara kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika harina kuverengerwa munhamba yenzvimbo idzo kuvandudzwa kweiyo nzvimbo yekudyarwa kunoonekwa sechinonyanya kukonzera goho uye kuwedzera mukana wekugadzirwa kwekurima, uye nekudaro, zvese zviwanikwa uye zviwanikwa zvashandiswa mukuvandudza gwara iri.
"Pamwe, nyaya yese ndeyekuti dunhu redu riri pamuganhu wenzvimbo yakaoma, tine zvirimwa (zviyo, semuenzaniso) zvinogona kuita pasina kudiridza kwekugadzira," anotsanangura Vladimir Molyanov. "Munzvimbo umo zvinowanzoomera kufungidzira kuti chimwe chinhu chingakura pasina mvura, chimiro chekugadziriswa kwenyika chakasiyana zvachose."
Asi mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Kubudiridzwa kwekugadziriswazve kwenyika kunozivikanwa sechiitiko chikuru chechikamu chedunhu remubatanidzwa "Kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvekurima", muchimiro icho muna 2019-2021 chikamu chekurima mudunhu ichi chichaunza anopfuura mahekita zviuru zvina neshanu enzvimbo yakadiridzwa. Neizvi zvinangwa, kupihwa kwemasangano kune bhajeti renzvimbo yeSamara muhuwandu hwemamiriyoni mazana matatu neshanu neshanu rubles inopihwa.
Zvinoenderana neruzivo rweSamarameliovodkhoz FSBI, gore rapfuura hurongwa hwehurumende hwakafukidza anodarika zviuru makumi maviri ha nekudiridza. Mwaka uno, zvirongwa zvekudiridza ndezve zviuru makumi maviri nezvitatu mahekita.
Muna 2019, inofungidzirwazve kubatsirikana kubva kubhajeti remudunhu 20% yemubhadharo wekubhadhara mvura yekudiridzira mvura kumasangano ezvekurima, ayo gore rino achaisa nzvimbo dzekubiridzira nyika.
STORAGE
Mazhinji emapurazi ebatatisi edunhu anopihwa zvizere zviwanikwa zvawo zvekuchengeta zvirimwa zvakakura. Uwandu hwakazara hwemapotatori storages nhasi anenge mazana zviuru zana ematani, iyo inenge 130% yekushayiwa.
Kubva muna 2018, Samara yekurima paki yanga ichishanda munharaunda yedunhu. Iyi inzvimbo yekuparadzira yakazara nenzvimbo yemamirimita zviuru zvina. m, yakagadzirirwa kuchengetwa uye kutengeswa kwezvirimwa zvekurima (kunyanya michero nemiriwo). Yakazara midziyo yakaiswa panharaunda yeECC yeimwe chikamu-nguva uye kurongedza mbatatisi uye miriwo.
Chero purazi inogona kuishandisa kuunza zvigadzirwa zvaro zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa zvemaketeni ekutengesa. Zvakangodaro, sekucherekedza kwaOleg Vinogradov, hapana vanhu vazhinji kwazvo vanoda kutora mukana wepaki yekurima: Vagadziri vakawanda vakakura vane michina yavo, uye mabhizinesi madiki, sekutonga, vanotengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo kuburikidza nevanopindirana.
Kunyangwe zvichikwanisika kuti nekufamba kwenguva, iyo fomu yeECC ichawedzera kuwana mukurumbira mudunhu iri. Semuenzaniso, pakati pemasangano emubatanidzwa wezvekurima ayo yakavakirwa pakutanga.
FRAMES
Yunivhesiti yekutanga inopa dzidziso pamusoro peiyo chikamu chekurima mudunhu iri Samara State Agrarian University. Yunivhesiti iyi ine nhoroondo refu, makumi ezviuru evanyanzvi vane hunyanzvi vakabuda mumadziro ayo.
Nhasi, yunivhesiti iyi inopa kudzidziswa kumatunhu matanhatu: Unyanzvi hwezvehupfumi, Biotechnology uye Veterinary Medicine, Unyanzvi, Tekinoroji, Hupfumi, Kuenderera Dzidzo uye Kuenderera Dzidzo. Vatungamiriri vamangwana vari mubazi rezvekurima vanowana ruzivo paMosheni yeManagement Technologies neMusika wekurima, iri zvakare chikamu cheyunivhesiti.
Mu2019, kubvumidzwa kwakavhurwa nzvimbo dzinokwana 1811 (1308 vadzidzi vanozobvumidzwa kune gore rekutanga zvirongwa zvepasidduate, vadzidzi zana muchirongwa chehunyanzvi, vadzidzi ve100 vezvirongwa zvevatenzi).
Mumakore achangopfuura, yunivhesiti iyi yanga ichishingaira kuunza maitiro ekudzidzira maitiro: kune vadzidzi vepamusoro, dzidziso dzezvemagariro uye dzinoshanda zvinotora nguva yakaenzana. Zvakare, vadzidzi vanodzidza izvo zvekutanga zvebasa rinoshanda kumabhizinesi epamberi epamusika e Samara indasitiri yezvekurima.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti dunhu rinotarisisa kutarisa kutsigira vechidiki nyanzvi vakasarudza kushanda mumaruwa. Sechikamu chekuzadzikiswa kwemutemo wedunhu reSamara 28-GD "Pane rutsigiro rwehurumende kune vangangoita nzvimbo yeSamara" vakapedza kudzidza vane hunyanzvi hwedzidzo yepamusoro avo vanoshandirwa kekutanga pasi pechibvumirano chebasa mubazi rezvekurima kana murimi (purazi) purazi vanogashira chikwereti chemubhadharo wemazana matanhatu ezviuru. , vakapedza kudzidza vane hunyanzvi hwekusekondari - 69 zviuru zveRubles.