Mbatata dzave dzichizivikanwa muChina kwemakore anopfuura 400. Munguva ino, chigadzirwa chekutanga chekunze chakakwanisa kuva kwete chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvechikafu chemunharaunda, asiwo chikamu chetsika yenyika.
Zvinotendwa kuti mbatatisi yakaonekwa muChina panguva yeWanli yeMing Dynasty (1572-1620). Vatsvakurudzi vanowana uchapupu hweizvi mumabhuku akanyorwa panguva iyoyo. Mumwe wevanyori, Jiang Yikui, akashanda semutongi werunyararo muLingchuan County muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye akazoshanda semutungamiriri mudunhu rekumadokero kweBeijing, akatsanangura mubhuku rake zvinhu zvese zvisina kujairika uye zviitiko zvaakasangana nazvo. , uye akataura mbatatisi - "zvakafanana nekunaka kwenzungu." Icho chokwadi chekuti mbatatisi yaiverengerwa mune rondedzero yekuda kuziva inoratidza kuti panguva iyoyo tsika yaive isati yanyanya kuwanda muChina.
Xu Guangqi, Gurukota reRites panguva yekutonga kwaChongzhen weMing Dynasty, akasiya tsananguro yakadzama yembatatisi: "Mbatatisi yepasi, inozivikanwawo sembatatisi. Iine mashizha emuzambiringa akafanana nebhinzi; midzi yakatenderera yakaita semazai ehuku, ine nyama chena neganda reyero. Inogona kubikwa kuita grey soup kana steamed. Muto unobva pakufashaira unogona kushandiswa kuwacha mbatya, wodzisiya dzakachena uye dzakachena sejedhi.”
Pakupera kweMing Dynasty, mbatatisi dzakaverengerwa mune rondedzero yezvinonaka zvemuzinda. Izvi zvinosimbiswa naLiu Ruoyu muZuo Zhong Zhi, kunyangwe munyori pachake asingaone chero chinhu chakakosha muchigadzirwa: "Pakati pemazana ezvikafu, mbatatisi haishamisi - kubva pakuravira kusvika pakuonekwa. Chinonyanya kufadza pambatatisi ndechokuti dzinobva kune dzimwe nyika.”
Mbatata yakatanga kurimwa mudunhu reBeijing-Tianjin, asi pakupera kweMing Dynasty uye kutanga kweQing Dynasty, yakapararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo. Tekinoroji yekugadzira zvirimwa yave mberi, goho rakawedzera. Mbatata yakavepo kune ruzhinji rwevanhu.
Pakati peQing Dynasty, China yakawana kukurumidza kukura kwevanhu, izvo zvakawedzera kudiwa kwechikafu. Dambudziko rekudya rakaita kuti pave nepamusoro pekutanga kurimwa kwembatatisi. Munguva iyi, vagari vekune mamwe matunhu enyika vakadzidza kukuya mbatatisi kuita hupfu uye kutengesa zvakagayiwa munyika yose.
Kubva pamakore ekutanga ekutonga kwaMambo Qianlong (akatonga kubva 1735 kusvika 1796), varimi vaikwanisa kufamba vakasununguka munyika. Nekuda kweizvi, mhodzi dzembatatisi uye nzira dzekudyara dzakapararira zvakanyanya, kunyangwe kunzvimbo dziri kure kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero uye kumaodzanyemba kweShanxi. Mbatata yakakurumidza kuchinjika kumamiriro ekunze akaoma uye yakaratidza goho rakanaka kunyangwe pavhu rakashata: chirimwa chimwe chakaburitsa anopfuura gumi nemaviri machubhu, nekuti panguva idzodzo zvaishamisa.
Munguva yeDaoguang (1820-1850), mbatatisi yakatanga kurimwa munzvimbo dzepakati nekuchamhembe kweShanxi, zvishoma nezvishoma ikava nzvimbo huru yekugadzira mbatatisi munyika. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore reXNUMX, mbatatisi dzakagadzirwa muhuwandu hwakakosha mumatunhu eYunnan, Guizhou, Shanxi neGansu.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mbatatisi yainyanya kufarirwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzine kugadzirwa kwezviyo zvishoma, uko buckwheat chete yaikura. Yakanga iri manyuko makuru ezvokudya kuvarombo, uye somugumisiro, yakabatanidzwa nourombo. Mutsara wokuti "Ndakakurira mbatatisi" muChina waireva kuti munhu akakurira munzvimbo ine urombo, ine makomo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mune mamwe matunhu, mbatatisi yakakwanisa kuhwina chinzvimbo cheyakajairwa yedunhu chigadzirwa, iyo inoshanda sehwaro hwekugadzira yaunofarira nyika ndiro. Saka vanhu vekuMaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero vakadanana ne "mbatatisi dzakabikwa nembabvu yenguruve", kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero unogona kuwana zvakawanda zvingasarudzwa zvezvimedu zvakakangwa mbatatisi, uye muYunnan vanobika "mbatatisi zvidimbu zvine pickles". Madishi embatatisi emudunhu reChinese aipihwa munzvimbo dzekudyira mukati menyika, ukuwo fries dzeFrance nembatatisi dzakagayiwa dzaipihwa kumakofi emhando yekuMadokero.
Nekudaro, mbatatisi yakagara yakakosha kuChina, kwete zvakanyanya nekuti yakawedzera huwandu hwezvirimwa zvakarimwa munyika uye yakawedzera kudya kwevagari, asi nekuti yakabatsira kutarisana nematambudziko echikafu anokonzerwa nekukura kwevanhu (population explosions). Kuti tinzwisise kukura kwedambudziko, ngatitaurei nhamba: muna 1741, vanhu veChina vaiva mamiriyoni 143 evanhu, muna 1790 - vatova mamiriyoni 301, muna 1835 - mamiriyoni 402. kubudirira kwehupfumi hwenyika.
Muzana ramakore rechi1960, kufarira mbatatisi muChina kwakatanga kuwedzera muma1970 nekutanga kwema1993, mushure meNzara huru yeChinese. Ipapo kusvetuka kukuru mukugadzirwa kwakaitika muna XNUMX maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu ekuderera kukuru kwekurima muEurope. Munguva iyi, China yakauya kumberi munhandare yekugadzira mbatatisi. Chokwadi, mwero wekudyiwa kwembatatisi pamunhu muChina wakaramba uri pasi peavhareji yenyika.
Muna 2015, Chinese Academy of Sciences yakakurudzira kuti zviremera zvitore zano rekusimudzira mbatatisi sechikafu chekudya (pamwe nemupunga, gorosi uye chibage) kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chikafu chenyika. Muna 2016, hurumende yeChina yakaburitsa "Nhungamiro Yekusimudzira Mbatatisi Development". Mushure meizvozvo, matanho akakodzera akatorwawo mumapurovhinzi nemaguta kuwedzera kugadzirwa uye kuwedzera kudiwa kwembatatisi.
Sarudzo mukufarira mbatatisi haina kuitwa nemukana. Masayendisiti aivimba nenyaya yekuti chirimwa ichi chinogona kurimwa munharaunda yese yeChina, inoda mvura shoma (ichienzaniswa negorosi nemupunga) uye ine hutano. Panguva iyo nyika inofanirwa kupa chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chehuwandu hwevanhu pasi rose, uye ivhu rekurima riri kuramba richidzikira nekuda kwekukura kwemaguta, maitiro aya akakosha. Nehuwandu hwevanhu vanotarisirwa kusvika bhiriyoni 2030 panosvika 1,5, China inofungidzira kuti ichada kugadzira mamwe matani miriyoni echikafu gore rega rega.
Hurumende yeChina yakaonawo mbatatisi sechombo chekupedza hurombo. Matunhu evarombo emunyika anonyanya kugara mumakomo, uko kune mamiriro ekunze akaoma uye kune kushomeka kwezvifambiso. Kuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi mumatunhu aya hakuzongopa vagari vemo chikafu, asiwo kunopa mikana yekuwedzera mari yemapurazi madiki emhuri, nekuti zvine pundutso kurima mbatatisi pano pane mupunga, gorosi, soya bhinzi kana chibage.
Chimwe chikonzero chekunyanya kutarisisa mbatatisi muChina kusimudzira kwemazano ekudya ane hutano. Mbatata ine huwandu hwakawanda hwevhitamini, zvicherwa uye phytonutrients uye, sekureva kweChinese masayendisiti, zvinongokosha mukudya kwevose vagari vemumaguta nemisha. Zvinoenderana neakagadziridzwa kurudziro yevanovaka muviri, kudya kwemazuva ese kwevana vari pasi pemakore gumi nemana kunofanirwa kusanganisira 14-25 g yembatatisi, chiyero chemazuva ese chevadiki vanopfuura makore gumi nemana uye vakuru ndeye 50-14 g (CNS, 50) .
Kunobva: Information Administration yeBazi rezvekurima reChina; Mwanakomana weChina webhusaiti (sonofchina.com)