ZVINO ZVIKURU TEKNOLOJIA YEKUKURA MABATATII MUZVINHU ZVAKAWANDA YERUSSIA ZVINOGONA KUSHANDISWA KWEKUDIRIDZA, ZVINOBVIRIRA VARIMI KUGASHIRA KUKOHOWA KWAKAKABVISWA, ZVISINGAITIRWI NEVARIRA YEZVISIKWA. ZVISINEI, MAPURAMA ANOGONA KUSARUDZA INONYANYA KUKOSHA (IYO INOPA KUBVA KUDZOSESA PAKUSVIRA) NZIRA YEKUDIRIRIRA PASI. NHASI TICHATAURIRA ZVAKABATSIRA NEZVINHU ZVAKAIPA CHEKUDIRISA IRIGATION.
Irina Berg
PASINA ZVOKUSARUDZA
Nhasi, munyika yedu, kudiridza kwezvirimwa uye minda isingaperi inoitwa munzvimbo inosvika 230 zviuru mahekita. Sekureva kwaAleksey Novikov, Mumiriri weSainzi Zvekurima, Mutevedzeri weMukuru weKutsvagisa uye Innovative Development yeAll-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture (Volgograd), yekurima mbatatisi, masisitimu ekudiridza (DIS) anoshandiswa mukurima maindasitiri, zvakare. sepanzvimbo dzemhuri. Iyi nzira yekudiridza inoita kuti zvikwanise kupinza muvhu huwandu hwemwando hunodyarwa nevhu zuva nezuva, uye kuchengetedza mwero wemonotonous wemwando.
Mutevedzeri Mukuru Mukuru weVesta LLC Viktor Solenkov Ndine chokwadi chokuti mumamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze, kukura miriwo uye mbatatisi pasina kudiridza ibhizimisi risina maturo. Munharaunda yeTambov, uko bhizinesi riripo, mwaka ine mvura yakakwana yave isingawanzo kuwanikwa mazuva ano. Uye mumakore akadaro, vanenge vese vanogadzira vanogona kuzvirumbidza negoho rakanaka, iro risingapi chero makwikwi emakwikwi. Purazi iri, iro rave kushanda kubva mugore ra2002, rakatanga kuisa madrip irrigation kumagaka, ndokuzoisa hanyanisi. Uye pavakaedza kudiridza muminda yembatatisi, zvakare
yakambogutsikana nekushanda kwayo kwepamusoro uye yakaita kuti tsika iyi igare zvachose.
Musoro wenzvimbo dzemhuri Alexander Cherny kubva kuKrasnodar Territory yave ichiita mbatatisi kweanenge makore gumi nemashanu uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakawedzera nzvimbo yekudyara zvirimwa kusvika mahekita matanhatu. Agrarian haana kubva auya kuzodiridza, asi kana zvisina kudaro dambudziko rekushomeka kwemvura muzhizha harina kugadziriswa. Akanzwisisa kuti kugadzirwa, kwakanangana nekutengeswa kwezvinhu pamusika wekutengesa, kunofanirwa kunge kwakanyatso shanda sezvinobvira. Uye chete kuiswa kweDIS kunobvumira purazi kuti rigamuchire goho rakawanda.
Munharaunda yeAstrakhan, hazvibviri kurima mbatatisi nemiriwo pasina kudiridza, uye varimi vanofarira kudiridza. Chiremba weSainzi Zvekurima, Musoro weLabhoritari yeKurima Technologies yeVegetable Crops yeFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center yeRussia Academy yeScience" Anastasia Bondarenko inotsanangura izvi nehupamhi hwehupfu hwehunyoro. Sezvakawanda munzvimbo yeLower Volga, hakuna kunaya kwemvura kwakaringana pano, uye tembiricha yemhepo munguva yezhizha inokwira kusvika 40-45°C.
Elena Gushchina anga achirima mbatatisi mupurazi rake kubvira 2021. Kushandiswa kwekudiridza kwedrip irrigation kwakapihwa nehurongwa hwebhizinesi, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuhwina mari yehurumende yekusimudzira agro-startup. Maererano nemurimi, maitiro emamiriro ekunze anopisa uye akaoma eAstrakhan haabvumiri kurima pasina kudiridza. Uye nzira yakasarudzwa, kutanga kune zvose, inoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzirisa nzvimbo duku, mukati me 10-20 hectares.
MUKUTSVAGA MADZIDZO
Alexey Novikov anotenda kuti chimiro chikuru chekuronga kudiridza kwekudonha ndiko kuvepo kwezvitubu zvemvura munzvimbo iri pedyo yeminda. Inogona kushandiswa zvese kubva kune yakavhurika masosi (nzizi, migero yekudiridza) uye kubva kune yakavharwa masosi (mahombe uye epapurazi mapaipi). Musayendisiti anokwevera kune kukosha kwekuona kuchenesa kwepamusoro-soro kwemvura kubva kutsvina yemuchina uye zvisaririra zvezvinomera zvemumvura. Kazhinji nyaya yacho inogona kugadziriswa
drip irrigation system michina ine mafirita akasiyana siyana.
Farm Elena Gushchina iri makiromita gumi nemashanu kubva kuRwizi rweVolga, munzvimbo yesteppe. Mvura inopihwa kuminda yemuno kubva kumigero yekudiridza yakavakwa makore mazhinji apfuura uye inotungamirwa nekanzuru yemvura yekushandisa. Varimi vakaisa
pombi dzavo uye pombi mwando anopa upenyu kubva pano, izvo zvinosiyana munharaunda yose. Mari yekunyorera yebasa gore rino i14 zviuru zveRubles pahekita yenzvimbo yekudiridza. Mvura kubva mumigero yakagadzirwa muzana remakore rapfuura yekudiridza kweKrasnodar mupunga zvirimwa uye kudyiswa neKuban River inoshandiswawo. Alexander Cherny. Murimi wembatatisi gore negore anopedzisa chibvumirano nehurumende bhajeti sangano, iyo ine iyo yekudiridza. Mutengo webasa unofananidzira. Kudiridza hekita imwe yeminda kunodhura anenge 1,3 zviuru zveRubles kune yese yekurima
iyo nguva.
Nekudaro, hadzisi matunhu ese anogona kuzvirumbidza nemadziva akakura uye network yakakura yemigero yekudiridza, pakati pavo inzvimbo yeTambov. Viktor Solenkov anocherekedza kuti nekuda kwechikonzero ichi purazi rake hariwedzere nzvimbo iri kudiridzwa. UYE
makore mashoma apfuura pakudiridza kwedrip - kwete anopfuura 100-150 mahekita ezvirimwa zvemuriwo, kusanganisira mbatatisi.
INOBATSIRA "DHARA"
Paunenge uchisarudza kudiridza kwekudonha, zvinofanirwa kurangarirwa kuti kuwedzera kune imwe-nguva yekutenga michina yekutanga, iwe unofanirwa kutenga tepi nyowani yekudonha gore rega. Mutengo wayo unokwana makumi matatu muzana emutengo wakazara weDIS uye, maererano nefungidziro Viktor Solenkov, svika kusvika ku20-25 zviuru zveRubles pahekita. Nhasi, mutsara wemamita wepombi inodhura rubles maviri, uye mutengo wakaramba usina kushanduka kubva pakutanga kwe2000s. Ongororo yezvehupfumi inoratidza kuti mari yakadaro inoruramiswa zvizere. Goho rembatatisi kuVesta LLC rakapetwa kaviri zvichienzaniswa nemhedzisiro yeavhareji mwaka maererano nekunaya kwemvura. Bhizinesi rinowana imwe purofiti kwete nekuda kwehuwandu hwembatatisi inogadzirwa, asiwo nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekutengesa uye mhando yemachubhu.
Vazhinji vezvekurima, vachiunza iyi nzira yekudiridza mumapurazi avo, vakatora mukana werubatsiro rwevanoshanda navo vane ruzivo. mentor Elena Gushchina akava tezvara vake Vladimir Gushchinuyo ave ari mukurima kwemakore anopfuura makumi maviri. Haana kungopa zano rinoshanda, asi akapawo purazi diki nefiltration system yeSKO. Yakanga inobatsira zvikuru, nokuti mutengo wefasitiri itsva inotangira kubva ku20 zviuru zveRubles uye inogona kuwedzera zvichienderana nezvikumbiro zvemurimi wekurima. Kuedza uku kwakabatsira, uye gore rapfuura goho rembatatisi rakasvika matani makumi matanhatu pahekita. Murimi ane chokwadi chekuti achawana zvakatonyanya kufadza mhedzisiro, nekuti purazi rake richiri pakati pevanotanga.
nokuti Alexander Cherny, uyo akamboshanda semushandisi wekudiridza mune rimwe remapurazi makuru munharaunda yacho, zvakanga zvisina kuoma kuronga kudiridza muimba yake yega yega. Mushure meizvi, mhando yemachubhu akakura akavandudzwa zvakanyanya uye goho rakawedzera: yemhando yeColomba, kubva pamatani makumi matatu neshanu ematepi anotengeswa pahekita kusvika pa35-52 matani, uye Colette, kubva pa55 matani pahekita kusvika 32-45 matani. Saka mari dzese dzekudiridza dzakafukidzwa nekutsiva.
Alexey Novikov inosimbisa kuti kudzoreredzwa kwemitengo yevarimi kunosimbiswa nehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakagamuchirwa. In
All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture kwenguva yakareba yakaita tsvakiridzo yakanangana nekusimudzira
zvinhu zvetekinoroji yekurima mbatatisi pakudiridza kwedrip. Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti nenzira yekudyara ridge munzvimbo dzakaoma zvakanyanya dzeLower Volga dunhu pachiedza chechestnut ivhu, zvinokwanisika kuwana anosvika makumi manomwe matani emachubhu pahekita.
ZVINOBATSIRWA NEZVINHU ZVAKAITIKA
Saka, mabhenefiti makuru ekudiridzira kwedrip kuvarimi anosanganisira kuchengetedza mvura yekudiridza, kuwedzera goho nekuvandudza mhando yezvigadzirwa zvekurima. Sezvinotsanangura Alexey Novikov, mitengo yakakwirira inogona kuwanikwa nekuda kwekudiridza kwakakwana uye kwakafanana, kushandiswa kwedosi yemafetereza akaoma kunzwisisa uye kurima panguva yakakodzera.
Drip irrigation inoita kuti mitsara irambe yakaoma, zvobvisa kukosha kwekusunungura nekuderedza mari yemishonga yesora, kusakura nekurima. Mukuwedzera, kudiwa kwe
kushandisa fungicides.
Maererano ne Viktor SolenkovChinhu chakakosha cheiyi nzira inofananidzwa nekudiridza kwepamusoro ndiko kuderedza kushandiswa kwemvura. Uyezve zvakakosha kuchengetedza simba. Nekuda kwenzvimbo, normalized supply
unyoro kumudzi wemidzi, pamwe nekuchengetedza kudzvinyirira kwakaderera muDIS, kushandiswa kwemagetsi kuduku.
Alexander Cherny yakataura kuti mushure mekudiridza kwega kwega nekusasa, ndiko kuti, vhiki nevhiki, zvaive zvakakodzera kurapa zvirimwa kubva kunonoka blight. Asi ikozvino, kana mashizha uye ivhu repamusoro richiramba rakaoma, zvakakwana kuisa
midziyo yekudzivirira mazuva gumi nemaviri ega ega. Varimi vembatatisi vanocherechedzawo kuderera kwehuwandu hwehuswa hwevhu.
Mushure mekuiswa kweDIS, kushandiswa kwemvura-inonyungudika uye mafomu emvura mafetiraiza zvakare inoderedzwa nekuda kwekuendesa kwavo zvakananga kumidzi yemidzi. Anastasia Bondarenko inotaura kuti neiyi nzira, zvinomera zvinotora zvokudya zvinovaka muviri nokukurumidza zvikuru uye zvinobudirira zvikuru kupfuura pakuisa fetereza muvhu zvisati zvadyarwa.
Kuendeswa kwefetereza kuburikidza nekudiridza, sekureva kwaElena Gushchina, kunovimbisa varimi veAstrakhan.
goho rakanaka. Ivhu remunharaunda rakashata kwazvo, uye pasina kugona, kudyisa poindi, hapana chinokura pano.
Iko kusakosha kukuru kweiyi nzira yekudiridza mumapurazi makuru ndiko kudiwa kwekumisikidza nekuisa gore rega rega
kubvisa SKO, iyo inowedzera chikamu chebasa remaoko. Viktor Solenkov inodana chinhu ichi chipingamupinyi chikuru chekushandiswa kwe "madonhwe" pamusoro penzvimbo huru.
Alexander Cherny haiwani maitiro ekuisa drip irrigation system zvakare inodya nguva. Mumba make yekuseri
purazi, drip chubhu inoiswa panguva yekukwira mbatatisi. Asi nyore kuchinjika otomatiki kudiridza
inochengetedza nguva yakawanda nesimba. Panguva ipi zvayo yakanakira iye, agrarian anongovhara nekuvhura matepi, mamwe ese
SCO inoita basa rayo pasina kupindira kwevanhu.
Usakanganwa kuti tepi yekudonha isina kusimba inokuvadzwa nyore, uye kuvimbika kwayo kunogona kutyisidzirwa nemichina yekurima kana zvipembenene zvinogara muminda. Zvipembenene, makonzo uye kunyange shiri dzimwe nguva dzinosiya maburi madiki mu tepi kutsvaga mvura. Asi kukanganisa kwakadaro kunogadziriswa nyore nyore pasina chikonzero chekutsiva tube.
Paunenge uchikura mbatatisi munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anopisa, tembiricha yepamusoro yemvura yakapihwa kwavari mumarabhoni matema inogona kukanganisa machubhu. Kuti mvura isanyanya kupisa pasi pezuva, Alexey Novikov rinopa zano
kudiridza mangwanani nemanheru.
Drip irrigation inoita kuti mitsara irambe yakaoma, zvobvisa kukosha kwekusunungura nekuderedza mari yemishonga yesora, kusakura nekurima. Mukuwedzera, kudiwa kwekushandiswa kwefungicides kunoderedzwa.
UNOFANIRA KUYEDZA
Nharaunda yevhu rekurima uko kudiridza kwedrip kunoshandiswa muRussia kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera. Maererano ne Alexey
Novikov, chete munharaunda yeLower Volga, anenge 30-40 zviuru mahekita evhu ari pasi pekudiridza. Ehe, kuvakwa kweDIS kunoda mari yakawanda kubva kuvarimi. Naizvozvo, kutanga kwezvose, zvinoruramiswa mukurima kunobatsira zvikuru
perennial plantings: minda yemichero, minda yemizambiringa, minda yemabheri. Uye zvakare - mbatatisi, miriwo uye zvimwe zvinopa mari zvakanyanya zvirimwa zvemaindasitiri.
Anastasia Bondarenko anoona tarisiro dzakanakisa dzeiyi nzira yekudiridza, iyo inofambisa zvese kudya kwezvirimwa uye
uye kutora matanho ekuvadzivirira.
Kuburikidza nedrip irrigation, varimi vanokwanisa kushandisa mishonga yakasiyana-siyana kurwisa zvirwere netwumbuyu zvine mari yakawanda
mari uye nguva.
Maererano ne Alexander Cherny, kana mari ichibvumira uye paine mikana yese yekuisa DIS, hapana chikonzero chekukahadzika,
zvakafanira kuita. Drip irrigation yakanaka, uye murimi wembatatisi weKrasnodar anozvidemba kuti haana kushinga kuishandisa nekukurumidza.
Elena Gushchina inopa zano kuti usatya uye edza zvese zvitsva, nekuda kwaunogona kuita kuti basa rako riwedzere.
Drip irrigation yakabvumira mapurazi eAstrakhan, ane mukurumbira munyika yose nemanwiwa, kupinda mumusika ne
madomasi ekutanga emhando yepamusoro. Chirimwa chinorimwa pakudiridzira chinoratidza goho rinosvika matani 120-150 pahekita.
Huwandu hwevasina chokwadi huchiri hwakakwira, uye varimi vazhinji havanzwisise kuti sei vachifanira kuisa "donhwe" uye kutakura.
kuwedzera mari. Viktor Solenkov kuyedza kutsanangurira vamwe vaunoshanda navo kubva mudunhu reTambov nedzimwe nzvimbo kuti nyaya yacho
kwete chete mukukura kwezvibereko zvembatatisi. Kana basa rehupfumi richienderana nemamiriro ekunze, hariratidzi kugadzikana, uye
machubhu akakura haasi emhando yepamusoro, uye hapazovi nekuvimbika, nzira dzakagadzikana dzekutengesa zvigadzirwa. Sezvo mwaka wapfuura wakaratidza, kuvapo kwavo ndicho kiyi kwete yekubudirira chete, asiwo yekupona kwemurimi wemazuva ano mbatatisi.