Mune rondedzero ya1957 muMythology, muzivi wechiFrench uye mutsoropodzi wezvekunyora Roland Barthes akadana mbatatisi machipisi (la frite) chigadzirwa "chekuda nyika" uye "mukurumbira wechiFrench."
Mbatatisi yakaita basa rakakura munhoroondo yeIreland. "Nzara yembatatisi" pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX yakaderedza huwandu hwenyika nehafu mumakore mashoma.
Nhasi, varimi vembatatisi vemberi ndivo China, India, Russia neUkraine. Iyi tsika yakakosha kune yega yega yenyika dzakanyorwa, asi hapana kana mumwe wavo anogona kuzvidaidza kuti ndezvizvarwa.
Iyo mbatatisi yakadzikama yakaverengerwa muSouth America Andes makore zviuru zvisere apfuura uye haina kuunzwa kuEurope kusvika pakati pezana ramakore regumi nematanhatu, kubva kwayakapararira kuMadokero neNorth, kudzokera kuAmerica nekupfuura.
"Kunyange hazvo mbatatisi yakatanga muAndes, chikafu chinobudirira zvinoshamisa pasi rose," anodaro purofesa wezvekudya zvinovaka muviri Rebecca Earl. Muzvinafundo Earl anotsvaga nzira yembatatisi dzakakomberedza nyika mubhuku rake Nutrition of the People: The Politics of the Potato. Ivo vanonyora: "Mbatatisi inokura dzinenge pese pese pasirese, uye kunenge kwese kwese vanhu vanozviona kunge chimwe che" chikafu "chavo.
Rebecca Earle anodana matapiri "nyika yakabudirira kwazvo kubva kune dzimwe nyika." Varimi veIdaho uye veItaly vanoda gnocchi vanozotora mbatatisi senge chero yePeruvia, nekuti nhoroondo yetsika iyi haisi nhoroondo yenyika kana dunhu chete, asi zvakare nenyaya yekuti vanhu vakachinja sei hukama hwavo nepasi uye chikafu pamazera akati wandei. ...
Mbatatisi chirimwa chechina chakakosha pasi rose mushure memupunga, gorosi nechibage uye chirimwa chekutanga chisiri chezviyo. Andean tuber ingadai yakakunda sei nyika mumazana mashoma emakore?
Chii chakaita kuti mbatatisi dzikwezve kune vanhu vakasiyana? Chekutanga pane zvese, kukosha kwayo kusingaenzaniswi kwehutano. Kusununguka kwekurima (tichienzanisa nezvimwe zvirimwa zvezviyo), uye hunhu hwekurima (mbatatisi zvaive nehunyanzvi "kuvanda" pasi pevhu kubva kune vateresi nemauto evavengi) zvaive zvakakoshawo.
Nzvimbo yakanaka yekutanga muchidzidzo chetsika nhoroondo ndiyo International Potato Center (IPC), nzvimbo yekutsvagisa nekusimudzira inoongorora nekusimudzira zvese zvine chekuita nembatatisi. Inowanikwa munzvimbo isina mvura yeguta guru rePeruvia, Lima, inochengetera zviuru zvezviuru zvembatatisi kubva kudunhu rose.
Rene Gomez, muchengeti mukuru kuIPC's Genbank, anoti mbatatisi iyi yaichengetwa kumusoro muAndes, padyo neLake Titicaca, anenge chiuru chemakiromita kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweLima. Mushure mekuchengetwa, mbatatisi dzekutanga dzakapararira muCordillera dzikava sosi yakakosha yechikafu chenharaunda, kusanganisira maIncas, kunyanya chikafu chinodyiwa chinonzi chuno, chigadzirwa chakaomeswa chembatatisi chinogona kugara kwemakore kana makumi emakore.
Kubva kuchamhembe nekuSouth America
Muna 1532, kupinda kweSpain kwakapedza maInca, asi kwete kurimwa kwembatatisi. Vakapinda nechisimba vakatakura machubhu vachiyambuka Atlantic, pamwe nezvimwe zvirimwa zvakaita semadomasi, makotapeya nechibage. Vanyori venhoroondo vanoti iyi Great Colombian Exchange. Kwenguva yekutanga munhoroondo, iyo mbatatisi yakaenda kunze kweAmerica.
Mhando dzekutanga dzeAndes dzaive nenguva yakaoma kuenderana nemamiriro eSpain nedzimwe nyika dzeEuropean mainland. Munharaunda yeEquatorial, uko mbatatisi dzakatanga kupfuyiwa, kureba kwezuva kunogara kuri mukati megore rose.
Sekushanduka kwekushanduka kwemajini Hernan a Burbano Roa, mazuva eEurope mazhinji echirimo akavhiringa mbesa, uye ma tubers haana kukura mumwedzi yakanaka inodziya; pachinzvimbo, vakakura mukudonha, uye chando chakavatadzisa kurarama. Makumi emakore ekutanga ekusvika paKare Continent haana kubudirira.
Asi zvadaro (muma80s ezana ramakore rechi16) mbatatisi yakawana mamiriro ari nani muIreland, uko mwaka wekutonhora asi usina chando wakapa mukana wekukohwa kuibva. Kwemakore zana ebasa, varimi vakagadzira yavo dzakasiyana, izvo zvakaratidza mhedzisiro.
Humble tuber
Vagari vemuraini vaikoshesa mbatatisi nekuti vaiburitsa goho risingaenzanisike pahekita. MuIreland, kunyanya, varimi vaiwanzo kuve varidzi venyika yavairima, uye mutengo werenti wakawedzera zvakatsiga. Saka, vakamanikidzwa kuburitsa chikafu chakawanda sezvinobvira munzvimbo diki. "Hapana chirimwa chakaburitsa chikafu chakawanda paeka, chakada kurimwa zvishoma, uye chakachengetwa zviri nyore sezvakaita mbatatisi," akanyora munyori wezvemagariro evanhu James Lange mubhuku rake rinonzi Observer's Notes on Potato.
Mbatatisi ine anenge mavitamini akakosha uye zvinovaka muviri kunze kwevhitamini A uye D, zvichivaita zvisina kufananidzwa nekuda kwezvinhu zvavo zvinotsigira hupenyu. Wedzera mune imwe yemukaka, iyo inopa maviri asipo mavitamini, uye iwe une hutano hwevanhu chikafu.
Kune varidzi vasina minda muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechiXNUMX reIreland, acre imwe chete yemunda wembatatisi uye imwe mombe yemari yaikwana kupa mhuri hombe yevanhu vatanhatu kusvika vasere. Hapana kana croup imwechete inogona kutora yakadaro. Saka zvakatanga kusungwa kwemazana emakore evarimi veIrish neChirungu nembatatisi.
Kubva kuBritish Isles, mbatatisi yakapararira kuchamhembe kweEurope. Sekureva kwaLang, pakasvika 1650 chirimwa ichi chakarimwa munzvimbo dzakadzika (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), na1740 kuGerman, Prussia nePoland, uye na1840 kuRussia. Mbatatisi dzakabudirira mushure mekusarudzwa nevarimi kusefa mhando dzakange dzisingachinjiki nemamiriro ekunze.
Vagari vemapani akaparadzwa nehondo eEurope vakakurumidza kuwana mumwe mukana wekurima mbatatisi: iwo chokwadi zvakaoma mutero uye hazvigoneke kutora panguva yekukurumidza kurwisa. "Kana uine munda wegorosi, haugone kuuvanza," Earl anotsanangura. - Vateresi vanogona kuenzanisa kukura kwesamba uye vodzoka panguva yekukohwa. "Asi ma tubers akanyatsovanzwa pasi pevhu uye unogona kuachera rimwe nerimwe pazvinenge zvichidiwa."
"Kukohwa kushoma kwakavanza goho kubva kune vateresi uye kwakadzivirira chikafu chevarimi munguva yehondo," Lang anonyora mubhuku rake. - Masoja-vapambi vakaparadza zvirimwa uye vakapamba matura ezviyo. "Havana kumbomira kuchera acre yetapiri."
Vakuru venguva iyoyo vakacherekedza ichi chokwadi. Mambo Frederick Mukuru wePrussia akaraira hurumende yake kuti ifambise rairo yekudyara mbatatisi, vachitarisira kuti varimi vaizowana chikafu kana mauto emuvengi akapinda munyika panguva ye1740 yeAustria Yekutsiva Hondo. Mamwe masimba akateverawo, uye nenguva yehondo dzaNapoleoniki mukutanga kwema1800, mbatatisi dzaive dura rekuEurope, sekureva kwemushumo weUnited Nations Chikafu neKurima Association (FAO).
Muchokwadi, tubers yaive chirimwa chakakosha panguva yehondo zvekuti "mushandirapamwe wemauto muvhu reEurope mushure megore ra1560 wakakonzera kuwedzera munzvimbo yakarimwa mbatatari kusvika uye kusanganisira Hondo Yenyika II," munyori wenhoroondo William McNeil akanyora murondedzero yake, "Kufanana nembatatisi. yakachinja nhoroondo yenyika ”(1999).
Nutrition uye chikafu
Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, mbatatisi dzakapinda muEurope uye hupfumi hwenyika sechirimwa chakakosha. Kwemakumi emakore, vanoona nezvekudya zvinovaka muviri vanofunga kuti kukunda uku kwakapararira kune vavariro dzakanaka, vanojekerwa avo vakakurudzira vanhu vanochengetedza kuti vagamuchire mbatatisi. Asi Rebecca Earl ane kusahadzika. Vakanga vari varimi vakagadzirisa mbatatisi kuti ienderane nemamiriro eEuropean, anodaro, saka ivo vaisafanira kugutsikana. Vakuru havana kuwana tsika nyowani; asi, vaive nekunzwisisa kutsva kwechikafu chine hutano. Panzvimbo pekuisa iyo "superfood" pakati pekudya kweEuropean, vakaona kuti kudya kunovaka kune rakakosha basa rekutamba ndokutarisa kwakatenderedza tsika dzinogona kushandira chinangwa chavo. Iyo tuber inozvininipisa yaive yatovepo.