Chinyorwa: Tatiana Karabut
Kwayedza mafekitori ekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemushonga wemazino, hyaluronic acid, uye zviyo bioplastics zviri kuvhurwa muRussia. Tinokura nekuwedzera. Asi ikozvino tinozvitengesa mu "mbishi" fomu pamutengo mumwe, uye tinozvitenga zvakagadziriswa fomu - nemavhitamini kana maamino acids - atove nemutengo wakakwira. Kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakadaro mukati menyika kuchaita kuti zvikwanise kubvisa kuvimba nekunze, kugadzira zviuru zvemabasa, kuwana yakawanda zvakapetwa kubva kunze kwenyika uye, semhedzisiro, mitengo yakaderera yezvigadzirwa zvevatengi.
Kana iwe uchiendesa kunze mamirioni makumi mashanu ematani ezviyo kwete mu "mbishi", asi muchimiro chakagadziriswa, mupiro kuGDP unogona kuwedzera ne50-100 bhiriyoni, zvichienderana nezvakagadzirwa zvigadzirwa, inofungidzira Mutungamiri weRussia Biofuel Association Alexei Ablaev.
Imwe yeizvi zvirimwa zvekugadziriswa kwakadzika kwezviyo yakavhurwa muzhizha re2019 mudunhu reKaluga. Rosva Biotechnological Complex inogadzira gorosi kuita glucose-fructose syrups, crystalline glucose, starch, musanganiswa wezvikafu, gluten uye sorbitol, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzira mushonga wemazino uye kutsenga chingamu. Rimwe bhizinesi, Oka-Biotech, parizvino rakangogadzira batch yekuyedza ye hyaluronic acid kubva muzviyo uye iye zvino iri kuronga kuvaka yakakomba kugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri. Zvino zvose sorbitol uye hyaluronic asidhi vari zvachose akapa Russia kubva kunze. Vhoriyamu yepasirese yemusika we hyaluronic acid, maererano nekufungidzira kwakasiyana, mazana ematani pagore. Zvinoenderana neMARS Boka, kugadzirwa kwepasirbitol kunopfuura matani emamirioni 2,5. Musika weRussia sorbitol makirogiramu mazana mana (kana makumi matatu emamiriyoni emadhora), anofungidzira mudiwa wekambani yeNeo Center Vladimir Shaforostov.
Kune mamwe mapurojekiti anonzwisisika ekugadziriswa kwakadzika kwezviyo, izvo zvave zvichishanda kwemakore akati wandei, asi zvakatotisunungura kana kutizorodza zvachose kubva pakuvimba kwedu nekutenga kune zvakakosha zvigadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo Gulkevichsky starch chirimwa (Krasnodar Territory) inogadzira maltodextrin (molasses). Vhoriyamu yemusika weRussia wemaltodextrin ikozvino $ 34-35 mamirioni, Shaforostov anofungidzira.
Belgorod Premix Plant N1 inogadzira amino acid lysine, iyo yakakosha pakuchengeta mhuka. Pakutanga, yakatengwa zvachose kubva kuChina nekuEurope. Nekuderera kweiyo ruble yekutsinhana mwero, hwave mufaro unodhura kutakura iyi amino acid kubva kunze kwenyika. Sekureva kwaFeedinfo, mitengo yeLysine pakutanga kwegore yaive yakakwira kwazvo mumakore masere. Kugadzirwa kweRussia mu2020 inofungidzirwa pamazana zana nezana negumi rematani (kana madhora miriyoni zana nemakumi masere), nepo kutengeswa kwenyika kwaisvika matani zviuru makumi mashanu gore rapfuura, anodaro Vladimir Shaforostov.
Asi kusvika parizvino tinoramba tichivimba nekutorwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha, izvo zvakagadzirwawo nezviyo. Iye zvino 90% yezvikafu zvekuwedzera uye 100% mavitamini anotengeswa kunze kwekuchengetwa kwemhuka. Russia ichiri 100% inotsamira pane citric acid ((zviuru zviuru makumi matanhatu), anowedzera Vladimir Shaforostov.
Akaverengeka gumi nemaviri emamwe mapurojekiti ekudzika kwekugadziriswa kwezviyo ari padanho rekugadzira kana chando. Pamwe hapana musika kana mari. Isu hatina imwechete biofuel yekugadzira chirimwa (zvakare, kubva kuzviyo). MuRussia, haazopaza. IWest West inogadzira biofuel yayo uye ine mabasa ekunze. Iko, iko kusungirwa kwekuwedzera 5-10% ye biofuel yakaiswa mumutemo chete mushure menguva refu yekumanikidza nevamiriri vezvekurima, Ablaev anoti. “Tinofanirwa kugadzira biofuel kwete nekuti tine mafuta mashoma, asi nekuti tine zviyo zvakawanda. Kukohwa kuri kuramba kuchikura, uye hatigone kudya zvimwe mukati menyika. Inoda kudzokororwa. Vanhu vazhinji vanozobatsirika kubva mukugadzirwa nekutengeswa kwemafuta anotsvaira mafuta, kunyanya mukurima, kupfuura mari inobva mukugadzirwa kwemafuta anowanikwa, ”anotsanangura Ablaev. Maererano nekuverenga kwake, kana kuRussia, sekuEurope, kuwedzera 5% yebiofuel kune peturu, izvi zvinounza zviuru zvina zvemabasa epamusoro-soro, mamwe mabasa zviuru makumi maviri zvisina kunangana, mabhiriyoni gumi nemazana mashanu nemazana mashanu emabhiriyoni emitero yemitero. Mhuri dzinowana mari yekuwedzera muhuwandu hwemabhiriyoni 4 mabhiriyoni, mupiro weGDP uchaita kusvika pamabhirioni 20.
Parizvino, bioplastics kubva kuzviyo haina kugadzirwa muRussia, kunyangwe mamwe makambani makuru petrochemical akagadzira mapurojekiti akadaro. Kubva pakuona kwezvehupfumi, vane njodzi - mari hombe inodiwa. Muzhizha ra2019, kuvaka kweRustark tata kwakatanga muLipetsk SEZ. Mari yose inofungidzirwa inofungidzirwa paRUB 63 bhiriyoni. Inofungidzirwa kuti pakutanga ichaburitsa yakagadziriswa starch, uye padanho rinotevera - bioplastics. Zvisinei, hapana musika kwavari muRussia asi. Nyika zhinji dzave kurambidza kushandiswa kwepurasitiki dzisingashatise, anodaro Nina Adamova, muongorori mukuru kuGazprombank's Center for Economic Forecasting. MuEurope, mutero wekabhoni dhayokisaidhi uri kuunzwa - ichabhadharwa pazvinhu zvese mukugadzirwa uko CO2 inoburitswa. Munguva pfupi inotevera, Russia ichauya kune imwechete, nyanzvi ndedzechokwadi. Yedu bioplastics inodikanwa, asi zvishoma gare gare.
Kuvimbika kwakasimba kwemitengo yemumba pamitengo yepasi rose zvakare inotaura mukufarira kugadzirwa kwezviyo. Dambudziko iri rakanyanya kuoneka mumwaka wadarika. Kukohwiwa kwezviyo kuRussia muna 2020 kwakasvika zviuru gumi nematatu nemazana mashanu ezviuru zvematani ezviyo, ayo matani mamirioni makumi mana nemapfumbamwe akatengeswa kunze kwenyika. Pakazosvika Zvita wegore rapfuura, mitengo yezviyo yepasi rose yakasvika yakakwira-yakawanda makore. Uye izvi zvakaratidzwa mumitengo yeRussia.
Vakuru vehurumende vakagara vachitaura nezve kudiwa kwekugadziriswa kwezvinhu zvekurima uye kwete zviyo chete. Mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin akataura nezve izvi kumashure mu2017. Asi zvinoita sekunge pakaunzwa mari yekutengesa kunze kwenyika (kubva muna Chikumi 2 yegorosi, inozoenderera uye ichaverengerwa pamutengo wemusika), bhizinesi rakapihwa chiratidzo chakajeka chekusanonotsa nyaya iyi zvakare. Pamusangano wekupedzisira negurukota rezvekurima, Dmitry Patrushev, Vladimir Putin akasimbisa izvi chete. "Tinofanira kutsigira zvakakwirira-zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika," akadaro.
Pamusoro pezvigadzirwa zvechinyakare, mabhizinesi eRussia ari kutowedzera kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa - masiteki akagadziridzwa, mapuroteni anodyara, amino acids. Zviyo vanotengesa kunze kwenyika vakatofunga zvakanyanya nezvekudyara mukugadzirwa kwezvakakosha zvakawedzerwa zvigadzirwa, anodaro Eduard Zernin, Sachigaro weBhodi reUnited of Grain Exporters. Asi haifanirwe kunge iri bioplastics kana amino acids. Tinofanira kutanga nezvakareruka zvigadzirwa - hupfu hwakafanana nepasta. Sekureva kwenyanzvi, nhasi kune zvikumbiro zveupfu hweRussia kunyangwe kubva kuvarimi vayo vakuru - semuenzaniso, Turkey. Uye pasita, iwo musika usina zviyero nyika dzeSoutheast Asia, kutanga neChina.
Kwete chete zviyo
Zvigadzirwa zvine huwandu hwakawedzerwa zvinosanganisira zvese zviri pakati-zvakakosha zvigadzirwa (zvinosanganisira nyama zvigadzirwa, shuga, furawa, majusi) uye zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro (chokoreti uye confectionery, zvigadzirwa zvemumagaba, chikafu chemhuka, chezi, masoseji, waini, nezvimwewo) , akaudza Ministry of Agriculture. Pakupera kwa2020, kunze kwenyika kwezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira uye zvekugadzira indasitiri zvakawedzera ne13% kusvika $ 4,5 bhiriyoni zvichienzaniswa ne2019.
Kunyanya, iro dhipatimendi rinoona confectionery uye zvigadzirwa zve nyama seimwe yenzvimbo dzinovimbisa zvakanyanya maererano nekuwedzera kwekushandisa kumisika yekunze. Muna 2020, kutengeswa kwevanogadzira kunze kwenyika kwakasvika pamadhora 1,4 bhiriyoni (57% kupfuura muna 2015). Pakazosvika 2024, zvigadzirwa zvinotarisirwa kuwedzera kusvika pamadhora 2 bhiriyoni. Kunze kwenyika nyama uye zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa nyama gore rapfuura zvakawedzera nezvikamu makumi mana nezvitatu kubva muzana uye zvakasvika pamadhora bhiriyoni. Sekureva kwezvakaitwa nebazi rezvekurima, panosvika gore ra43 ichaita mari inodarika mabhiriyoni mashanu emadhora. Uye zvakare, kugoverwa kwemafuta nemafuta, zvemukaka uye zvigadzirwa zvehove zviri kushingaira kuvandudza, uye kutengeswa kwewaini yeRussia kuri kukura.
Nyika inotsigira kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakadaro nezvikwereti zvakawandisa. Uye zvakare, muna 2021, Bazi rezvekurima richaparura matanho matsva ekutsigira kugadzirwa kwekurima nemutengo wakawedzerwa: muripo wechikamu chemitengo yekugadzira nekuvandudza mabhizimusi ekugadzirisa zvekurima, pamwe nehurongwa hwekukweretesa hwekutenga. yemhando yepamusoro michina.