Nei masisitimu ekufanotaura kwechirwere chegoho achifanira kugara achigadziridzwa nekubatanidza nyanzvi kubva kuminda yakasiyana
Mbatata inononoka blight inokonzerwa ne Phytophthora infestans, ndechimwe chezvirwere zvezvirimwa zvine ngozi zvinoda kugara uchishandiswa kwemishonga yekudzivirira zvipembenene.
Kukura kwechirwere ichi kunoenderana zvikuru nemamiriro ekunze, nekudaro, zvirongwa zvakawanda zvekufungidzira zvakarongwa pasi rose kuitira kuderedza mari kuvarimi kurwisa chirwere ichi.
"Mitemo yeIrish" yakagadziridzwa muma1950 uye yakarongedzerwa kufembera kwemamiriro ekunze, maitiro ekugadzira mbatatisi uye hutachiona hwepathogen. P. infestans achiri kushanda sehwaro hwemazano kuvarimi.
Zvisinei, kubvira pakatanga kugadzirwa kweIrish Rules modhi, pave neshanduko dzakawanda mukuumbwa uye kusimba kwekunonoka blight. Boka revasayendisiti veIrish kubva kuTeagasc Crop Research Center, Maynooth University neIrish Meteorological Service vakaedza modhi iyi pasi pemamiriro azvino uye vakapa mazano akati wandei.
Kunonoka blight iri kubuda uye kuwedzera hukasha
Late blight (kana kuti mbatatisi yanonoka kuora) ndechimwe chezvirwere zvinoparadza mbesa dzembatatisi nekuda kwekukurumidza kubereka kwe phytopathogen uye hukasha. Kukasiiwa kusingatariswe, blight inononoka inogona kukurumidza kukonzeresa kutadza kwegoho zvachose, mumunda nemukuchengetera mushure mekukohwa.
MuIreland, kubuda kwenhoroondo yekupisa kwembatatisi kwakakanganisa tsika nehupfumi, zvichikonzera nzara huru uye kutama kwakatevera kwezvikamu zvakakura zvehuwandu muma1840s.
MuIreland moga, mari inosvika 5 miriyoni euros ikozvino inoshandiswa gore negore mumishonga yefungicide kudzora blight yakanonoka mbatatisi, nepo pasi rose mari yekudzora chirwere uye kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa inodarika bhiriyoni imwe pagore.
Kumhanya kwedenda kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, uye zvinonyanya kukosha zviri tembiricha, hunyoro hunoenderana nekunaya kwemvura, izvo zviviri zvekupedzisira zvine hukama.
Nguva yakareba yekunyorova uye kutonhora kwekunze inogadzira mamiriro akanaka ekuti sporulation yezvirwere zvinoparadzirwa nemvura nemhepo.
Chirwere ichi chinokonzera kukanganisa zvose zvisina kunanga uye zvakananga: zvisina kunanga, nekuderedza photosynthetic pamusoro, uye zvakananga, apo zoospores yakashambidzwa kubva pamashizha inokonzera tubers muvhu.
Kubva pakupera kwema1970, kuwedzera kwekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasirese kwakakonzera kutama kwepasirese kwepathogen genotypes, iyo yakashandura yakakura, mitsetse yekare yeclonal kana genotypes, inowanzonzi US-1, uye yakakurudzira kusimudzira nekupararira kwemitsara mitsva, mamwe ayo. ratidza hukasha hwakawedzera.
New genotypes yakawanikwa muIreland uye yakataurwa kakawanda mumakore achangopfuura. Pamusoro pezvo, yakawanda yekugadzirwa kwembatatisi yeIreland yakavakirwa pamhando dzembatatisi dzinonyanya kukurumidza kushandurudzo itsva dzehutachiona.
Kusiyana-siyana kwezvirwere zvenguva pfupi yapfuura, zvakasanganiswa nekukanganisa kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, zvinoita kuti kutonga kunetse uye njodzi yedenda iwedzere. Nekuda kweizvozvo, varimi vanogara vachiisa kudzivirira kwakasimba kwefungicide, kusvika kune anopfuura gumi pamwaka muWestern Europe.
Iko kudikanwa kwekugadzira mamodheru ekufanotaura kwembatatisi kunonoka blight kwagara kuchionekwa sechishandiso chakakosha chekudzora chirwere ichi, chinokurudzirwa nezvose zvakatipoteredza uye zvehupfumi zvinhu.
Mukupindura kunetsa kwezvakatipoteredza kunobva mukuwedzera kwekushandiswa kweagrochemicals, European Community Directive 128/2009 pamusoro pekushandiswa kwakasimba kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene inopa nhungamiro yakasimba yekushandiswa kwakasimba kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa kuitira kudzikisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.
Kufanotaura kwechirwere kwakavimbika kunoita kuti zvibvirire kuderedza kurasikirwa kwezvirimwa uye goho pasi pemamiriro ekunze asina kunaka, pamwe nekusimbisa chokwadi chekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvirimwa zvinoenderana nemitemo yenyika uye yepasirese.
Predictive systems haigone kurarama pane zvakapfuura uye data revamwe vanhu
Mukati mavo, masisitimu ekufanotaura kwechirwere chezvirimwa anoshandisa maalgorithms, akakosha uye ane simba, kufanotaura kutenderera kwechirwere.
Mamodheru akakosha anogadzirwa kubva mukuyedza kwemurabhoritari mumakamuri anodzorwa kwezvakatipoteredza, greenhouses, kana minda uye anotsanangura chikamu chimwe chete kana anopfuura akafurirwa zvakatipoteredza ehukama-parasite.
Pakutanga, kuvandudzwa kwemamodheru ezvirwere zvezvirimwa kwainyanya kutariswa pakudzidza kwemamiriro ekunze kufanotaura kukura uye kutanga kwedenda, uye zvaive zvakanyanya kusimba muzvisikwa, zvichibva pakureba kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze kupfuura zvikumbaridzo uye nhanho yezvinomera zvezvirimwa.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, nzira dzakakosha dzave dzichiwedzera kushandiswa kubata izvo zvakanyanya kuomarara zvikamu zvedenda, pamwe nekuita zvekurima nekudzivirira kwemakemikari.
Austin Burke, mumwe wevakatanga kufanotaura kunonoka blight yembatatisi, akagadzira modhi yePLB inodaidzwa kuti Irish Rules. Iyi modhi yakatsvaga kubatanidza ruzivo nezve kutenderera kwehupenyu hwechirwere, kusiyana neiyo nzira yekuedza. Semuenzaniso, kusarudzwa kwemaitiro emamiriro ekunze akakodzera ekukura kwechirwere kwakatemwa zvichibva pane zvakanyorwa murabhoritari kuedza, pane kudzokororwa kuongororwa kwemamiriro ekunze ekare panguva yekubuda kwechirwere.
Nekudaro, nguva pfupi yadarika, sechikamu chepan-European initiative, kuenzanisa kwekufungidzira nemhando dzinoverengeka dzeEuropean njodzi yekufungidzira kwakaratidza kuti modhi yeIrish inopa varimi mukana wakaderera wenjodzi nekuda kwemaitiro ayo akaomarara.
Kuongororwa kwemumunda kwekuita kwechiIrish model kwakaratidza kuti kutonga maererano nemashoko ayo kwakaguma nekuderera kukuru kwekushandiswa kwefungicide, asi nekutonga kwakashata kwe phytophthora kana ichienzaniswa neimwe Negfry farmer decision support system (kana DSS) kana tsika yekudzivirira fungicide.
Asi munguva yakapfuura zvaive "zvakareruka" kuti varimi vatsigire sarudzo dzavo pane kurudziro yeDSS kuratidza kuwedzera huwandu hwemishonga yemakemikari, ikozvino maitiro asiyana - ivo vanotsvaga kuwedzera mabhenefiti ehupfumi nekudzikisa mutengo uye kutevedzera mushonga wezvipembenene. shandisa mitemo inodiwa nemacheni esupamaketi.
"Saka, ino ndiyo nguva yekuongorora Mitemo yeIrish uye kuongorora hurongwa kuitira kuti ijekese mitemo maererano nekuchinja kwazvino. Izvo zvinodikanwa kupa nzira yakazara, yakarongeka uye yakajeka yekushandiswa kweiyo system mumamiriro ekuchinja kwechirwere chechirwere uye kuwedzera mutemo (musika / mutemo)," masayendisiti anonyora mubasa ravo.
“Kusiyana nemishumo ichangoburwa, takaona kuti njodzi yekunonoka kwechirwere ichi inoramba yakaderera pakupisa kuri pasi pe12°C. Neruzivo rwuri nani rwekuputika rwuripo uye nekunzwisisa kuri nani kwehuwandu hwepathogen, tinotenda kuti tembiricha mumuenzaniso inogona kuwedzera. kubva pa10°C.C.C. kusvika pa12°C, zvichipa nzvimbo yakawanda kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga yezvipembenene,” vanodaro.
"Modhi yekufanotaura nezvenjodzi inongobatsira chete kana ichipa mwero wakafanana wedziviriro semaitiro akajairwa uku ichideredza mutengo nebasa rinodiwa…Parizvino, nguva dzekupfapfaidza dzinosiyana kubva pamazuva mashanu kusvika ku5 mumamiriro eIrish, ayo atakaverengera muchidzidzo chino.
Isu tinofungidzira kuti kudyara kunotanga zuva mushure meavhareji tembiricha yezuva nezuva inopfuura 8 ° C kwemazuva matatu akateedzana mushure meKubvumbi 1st. Iyi itsika yakajairika muIreland sezvakakurudzirwa nesangano revanopa mazano renyika Teagasc. Varimi vanowanzotanga kumwaya mushonga wefungidziro panongomera 50% voenderera mberi kusvika chikamu chiri pamusoro pevhu chafa zvachose, kazhinji mavhiki matatu mushure mekuoma. Pano tinofungidzira kuti nguva yekukura inotora mazuva zana nemakumi maviri. Zvisinei, kudzivirira kwemishonga yezvipembenene kunoenderera mberi kwemavhiki matatu aya kusvika mbatatisi iri pamusoro pevhu yaoma.
Isu takaratidza kuti, paavhareji, kushandiswa kwemaitiro ekufanotaura kwengozi kunoguma nekuderedzwa kwekushandiswa kwefungicides kana ichienzaniswa neyakajairwa tsika yevarimi veIrish. Kunobvira kudzikiswa kwedosi uye nhamba yekurapa kunoratidza mutsauko panguva yekudzidza. Izvi zvinoratidza chimiro chekurima kwekurima uye zvinosimbisa kudiwa kwenzira yakabatanidzwa yekurwisa tupukanana uye chirwere chekutarisa nguva dzekurapa.
Miti yekufanotaura kwezvirwere zvezvirimwa inowanzoongororwa nevatsvakurudzi vakazvigadzira uye vakashandisa pasina calibration mune agroecosystems kunze kweiyo yavakagadzirirwa.
Mhedzisiro yacho yakaratidza kuti maparamendi eiyo Irish Rules modhi inoda kudzokororwa kune akasiyana ecosystem uye kugona kushanda, pamwe nekushandiswa kwekushandisa kwemuenzaniso.
Isu tinokurudzira kuderedza zvikumbaridzo zvehunyoro hunyoro kubva pa90% kusvika 88% uye nguva ye sporulation kubva ku12 kusvika kumaawa gumi; uye zivisa kutorwa kweimwe yekuwedzera kunyorova kweshizha chiratidzo chinosanganisira zvese kunaya (≥10 mm) uye hunyoro hunoenderana (≥0,1%)," vanyori vakapedzisa.
Verenga zvakawanda: https://www.agroxxi.ru/