Ndezvipi zvirwere zvinotyisidzira mbatatisi zvakanyanya uye chii chingabatsira kudzikisira kukuvara kwazviri? Iyi nemimwe mibvunzo inopindurwa naAlexander KHYUTTI, Muongorori Mukuru weLabhoritari Yekudyara Kwezvirimwa kune Zvirwere zveAse-Russian Research Institute yeKudzivirira Kwezvirimwa.
Ndezvipi zvirwere zvembatatisi zvakajairika matiri?
- Zvirwere zvinodarika gumi nembiri zvembatatisi zvinozivikanwa, uye dzese dziripo munyika dzakasiyana nematunhu ekurima. Munyika "yepamusoro" yezvirwere zvine njodzi, nzvimbo yekutanga inogara Alternaria, yechipiri ndiyo yakajairika scab (chirwere chebhakitiriya), uye chechitatu ndiyo Y-hutachiona.
Alternaria "yakasarudzika" sei ichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvirwere zvefungus?
- Ichi ndicho chaicho denda rembatatisi iri kukura. Inogoverwa muRussia yese uye mune dzimwe nyika. Semuenzaniso, kuGerman neAmerica, ichi ndicho chirwere chinokuvadza zvakanyanya, uye chete pachiri mumwaka ingangoita gumi nematanhatu fungicidal kurapwa kunoitwa. Alternaria inokonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzeExtaria, zvinonetsa kuiongorora uye zvakare kunetsa kurwisa.
Uye ndeipi nzvimbo inotora blight inotora ikozvino?
- Yakapararira munyika dzese dzepasi, uye mumakore achangopfuura, iyo yakasviba blight pathogen yakawedzera kuva nehasha, yakashata, ipurasitiki, inopesana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemushonga. Uye kana mbatatisi dzekare dzakakanganiswa patembiricha kubva pa8 kusvika 23оC, ikozvino renji iyi yawedzera kusvika pa3-27оC. Bvisa blight yakanonoka
zvachose hatigone: kunonoka kusvibisa kunoumba spores dzepabonde (oospores) dzakafukidzwa negobvu gobvu, iro, kamwe mumunda, rinogara riine makore anosvika makumi matatu nemashanu, uye hapana chingaitwe navo ipapo.
Munyika yedu, manyuko makuru ehutachiona imbeu dzemidziyo.
Handizvo zvemazuva ano fungicidal disinfectants hazvibatsire kujekesa hutachiona?
- Neraki, ivo vanobatsira. Zvisinei, mbatatisi inogona kutapukirwa kare mumwaka wekukura. Phytophthora spores inogara ichifamba, inowira pamashizha, madzinde, ivhu, inofamba nyore nyore nehunyoro hwevhu, uye painongonaya mvura, pamwe chete nemvura inozoonekwa pamusoro peiyo tubers yechirimwa chitsva ichivatapurira. Saka marapirwo ekudzivirira kwehuswa anodikanwa.
Nenzira, mamiriro ezvinhu munyika medu ane zvawo. Semuenzaniso, varimi vekuAmerican havasati vaona zviratidzo zvekunonoka kusvibiswa kwemakore (cherekedza kuti vanoita prophylaxis zvizere), uye vagadziri vedu, kunyangwe zviome sei masisitimu akaomarara ekudzivirira avanoshandisa, vachiri kusangana nazvo. Hazvisi izvo chete kuti United States ine chaiyo chaizvo yekufungidzira system uye inovimba nemishonga isingagadzirike. MuRussia, mbatatisi dzinorimwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzakazvimiririra pasina dziviriro yakakwana. Zvirimwa zvinorwara, uye spores kubva kwadzo dzinogona kutakurwa nemhepo kwemazana emakiromita. Kuzviparadzanisa kwakanaka kunogona kuwanikwa chete mumakomo, pakukwirira kwemamita zviuru zviviri.
Zvichida kurima marudzi asingagadzike?
- Kusarudzwa kwakakodzera kwemhando dzakasiyana kwakakosha. Asi kusvika parizvino pane mhando mbiri chete dzembatatisi dzinonyatsopokana nehusiku hunononoka. Iyi ndiyo yekare yeHungary Sarpo Mira, chiitiko chakagadzikana kwemakore makumi mana. Uye Aluet (Netherlands) ingori nyowani, asi yatove inozivikanwa kune vakawanda. Kunze kwavo, kune anoshivirira uye epakati-asingagone marudzi.
Nekudaro, kunyangwe kushandiswa kwemapatata asingagadziriswe hakuregere matanho ekudzivirira, sezvo zvikamu zvakasiyana zvemuti mumwechete zvakasiyana mukukanganisa kwavo utachiona.
Kusvikira nguva pfupi yadarika, anthracnosis haina kutariswa seyakakuvadza mbatatisi, asi mumakore achangopfuura mamiriro akachinja zvakanyanya. Chii chakaitika?
- Chirwere chapararira nokukurumidza muRussian Federation. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi. Ikozvino mhando dzekune dzimwe nyika dzinorimwa, uye sezvo pasina anthracnose muGOST iripo yembeu mbatatisi, haina kuongororwa kuvepo kwehuwandu hweiyo causative agent yechirwere ichi painounzwa. Iko hakuna marudzi anopikisa, uye hapana matanho ekudzora akavimbika. Zvese zvakaomeswa nenyaya yekuti iyo causative anthracnose inopedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwayo mune yakadzikama mamiriro uye haina kuongororwa.
Ko phytodiagnostics inogona kubatsira panguva yekukura mwaka?
- Tine marabhoritari mazhinji everuzhinji uye akazvimirira, asi haasi ese anofambirana nenguva. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuongororwa kunoomeswa nenyaya yekuti zvirwere zvese zvembatatisi, zvisinei kuti zvinokanganisa mashizha epamusoro-pasi kana machubhu, padanho rekutanga rekukura zvinopa zviratidzo zvisingaonekwe. Ngatitii nzvimbo diki ine rima inooneka, asi chii - kunonoka blight, anthracnose, alternariosis, yakaoma yemhando dzegororo, fusarium, phomosis, kana pamwe chironda chechimiro chisingatapuki? Zvakaoma zvikuru kupindura mubvunzo uyu. Hazvina kuitika kuti zvirwere zvembatatisi zvakarongedzerwa maererano nezviratidzo: nyoro, yakanyorova uye yakaoma kuora, pamwe nemaronda emashizha. Zviri nyore kuva nezvose izvi nemishonga yekudzivirira maererano nehurongwa. Uye ndinodzokorora kuti pakudyara unofanirwa kushandisa mbatatisi ine hutano uye uve nechokwadi chekushandisa zvinodzivirira fungicidal.
Ungaongorora sei mhando yembeu?
- Nehurombo, Russia ndiyo ingangove nyika yakasimukira uko iyo setifiketi senge yembeu mbatatari yave yekuzvidira, kwete yekumanikidza. Uye zvakare, mutengesi uye mutengi anogona kumisikidza dzakasiyana nzira dzekutsungirira chirwere ivo pachavo, pasina kuomerera kuGOST, iyo, zvakare, iri kure kwazvo nekukwana.
Tichifunga izvi, patinowana zvekudyara, mapurazi anoda kuchenjerera uye kutora chikamu kweanogona agronomist, akashongedzerwa neine stereoscopic microscope (binocular). Kana iwe ukageza iyo tuber uye wotarisa kumeso kwayo nekukwirisa kwe10x, iwe unogona kutove wakakomberedza kupokana nekutora kwezvinhu zvine matambudziko. Mune ino kesi, tuber sampuli inofanirwa kutorwa yakazvimiririra, isina kuganhurirwa kune izvo izvo iye anogadzira anotumira iye.
Asi chakavimbika kwazvo, chokwadika, kuita ongororo yembeu mbatatisi murabhoritari yakanaka kuti uone njodzi dzese. Kune mapurazi embeu, kuongororwa kunodiwa kuti uise wega zvinhu, nematodes, mabhakitiriya, hutachiona hutachiona uye hutachiona hukuru hwehutachiona: yakaoma yemhando dzechigamba, mhando dzakasiyana dzekuora, Alternaria, anthracnose uye kunonoka kunaya. Izvi zvinokutendera iwe kuronga matanho ekudzivirira, sarudza chakakodzera chinoshanda zvinoshandiswa.
Zvinodikanwa zvekudyara chikafu hazvina kuomarara, asi zvakare hazviwanzo nguva dzose: semuenzaniso, zvigadzirwa zvemachipisi zvinogona chete kurimwa kubva pambeu isina hutachiona hwakawanda. Paive nezviitiko apo fomu rakanyanya reronda rerhizzoctonia rakagadzira mbatatisi isingakodzeri iyi mhando yekugadzirisa.
Takadyara mhando yepamusoro uye yakasanganiswa mbatatisi, takaronga kuchengetedza. Ndeipi imwe nzira yekudzora kukanganisa kubva kuchirwere?
- Ipa zvirimwa zvine mamiriro akanaka, tarisa maitiro ekurima, nekuti chero kutyorwa kunodzikisira, kunoita kuti zvive nyore kubata kune zvinokuvadza zvipenyu. Zvechokwadi, zviyero zvemakemikari zvakakosha zvikuru, asi mugove wavo unongova 10% chete yemabasa ose etekinoroji. Izvo zvinodikanwawo kutarisa kutenderera kwezvirimwa, kukura zvakanaka, mvura (kwete overmoistening uye kwete overdry). Nzira yakarurama yekudya kwemamineral inokosha. Semuenzaniso, iyo yakawanda nitrogen, iyo inodyara yakawanda inotambura neanthracnose, uye iyo yakawedzera magnesium yemukati inosanganiswa nechiitiko cheAlternaria, ndiko kuti, kurudziro yefractional fertilization haifanirwe kuregererwa. Kunyange mbatatisi ine hutano inoda kubviswa zvakanaka, nekuti hutachiona huchapinda mukukuvadzwa pamachubhu, uye isu tichabata nefusarium, phomosis uye mamwe matambudziko atove mukuchengetedza.
Zvinyorwa kubva mupepanhau "Munda waAugusta" (Nha. 6,2020)
Dmitry BELOV, mukuru wedhipatimendi rekuvandudza zvigadzirwa zvekambani "Nyamavhuvhu":
ANOPA "AUGUST"
Kana paine njodzi yakakura yekutapukirwa nehusiku hutachiona pakutanga kwekukura kwezvirimwa, kurapwa nehukama kana wekubata-systemic fungicide inodiwa - Kumir, Metaxil, Ordan. Kushanda mvura inoshandiswa 300 l / ha. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, wekutanga wekumanikidza kurapwa kunoitwa usati wavhara misoro neyakaomarara systemic kana yekubata-systemic zvinodhaka, semuenzaniso, Metaxil. Kushanda mvura inoshandiswa kubva ku300 kusvika ku400 l / ha.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka (maererano nekufanotaura, hapana zviratidzo zvehutachiona pazvirimwa munzvimbo dzakadzika uye pamhando dzakaoma), unogona kushandura kune zvakasanganiswa gadziriro dze translaminar-contact action inobva cymoxanil - Ordan MC kana Ordan. Muchiitiko chekukura kwakasimba kwehutachiona, kurapwa ne systemic fungicides ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshanda (a.i.) inofanira kuenderera mberi. Kuyerera kwemvura yekushanda kunobva ku400 kusvika ku500 l/ha.
Mukurapa kunotevera, shandisa mushonga Tirada ine systemic difenoconazole inopesana neAtharia uye yekudyidzana nekupfura kwekudzivirira kunonoka kunaya. Kuyerera kwehuwandu hwemvura inoshanda kubva panguva ino kusvika kumagumo emwaka iri 500 l / ha.
Mune ramangwana, shandisa gadziriro dzekubata chiito (Talant, Kumir, Ordan) kudzivirira kumera kwephytophthora spores, kuwedzera kuwedzera kwekusanganisa, kuwana muhukuru nekutengesa hunhu hweiyo tuber.
Mazuva makumi maviri asati achera tubers, kuvadzivirira kubva kuhutachiona panguva yekukohwa, zvine musoro kuisa fungicide nechimwe chezvinhu zvinotevera: fluazinam, dimethomorph, mandipropamide.
Anenge mavhiki maviri usati wachera mbatatisi, unofanirwa "kuvhara gedhi" kuti hutachiona hupinde - kuomesa misoro neDry Hove desiccant.
Mishonga yese inofanirwa kuitwa mangwanani uye nekuwedzera kwePolyphem anowedzera kune mhinduro yekushanda.
Contact Information
Alexander Valerievich HYUTTI
Mob. tel.: (911) 789-53-79
Dmitry Alexandrovich BELOV
Mob. tel.: (903) 109-77-69