Chitubu chakareba chakanyorova uye chinotonhora, kusanaya kwezhizha kwenguva refu uye matsutso anonaya zvisina kujairika - iyi ndiyo nzira yatingaratidza nayo muchidimbu mamiriro ataifanira kurima nekukohwa mbatatisi muna 2022.
Mamiriro ekunze akagadzira nharaunda yakanaka yekupararira kwezvimwe zvirwere uye zvipembenene zvezvirimwa, izvo zvakakanganisa kuwanda kwegoho.
Zvirwere zvembatatisi
Zvinoenderana nekuona kwaNikolai Parashchenko, Mumiriri weSainzi yekurima, maneja wekusimudzira nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa pachibage uye zvirimwa zvakakosha paBASF, mumwaka wapfuura, mbatatisi muchikamu cheindasitiri yakatambura zvakanyanya kubva kurhizoctonia, kunonoka blight, alternaria uye. mabhakitiriya. Valeria Ananyeva, maneja wechigadzirwa kuChance Boka reMakambani, akawedzera fusarium pane iyi runyorwa.
Nyanzvi dzakacherekedza kuti kuratidzwa kwekutanga kwe rhizoctoniosis kwakakonzerwa nekuoma kwechirimo: Chivabvu munzvimbo zhinji dze "mbatatisi" yenyika yairatidzwa nehunyoro hwepamusoro uye kutonhora kwakadzika (zvichienzaniswa nemamiriro ekunze), kudyara mbatatisi kwakanonoka neavhareji. mavhiki maviri kusvika matatu. Kupisa kwemamiriro okunze uye kushomeka kwehunyoro muhafu yechipiri yezhizha zvakakonzera kupararira kweAlternaria blight. Uye kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura mumatsutso kwakakonzera "kumera" kwekunonoka kweblight uye fusarium. “Kukura kwezvirwere izvi kwaifarirwa nehunyoro hwakanyanya mumunda (90-100%) patembiricha iri pamusoro pe+10° C kwemavhiki maviri kusvika matanhatu kubva pakuora kusvika pakukohwa,” akadaro Valeria Ananyeva.
Pamusoro pemamiriro ekunze, kupararira kukuru kwezvirwere mumapurazi eRussia kwakafambiswa nekushandiswa kwembeu yakasvibiswa, kusatevedzera kutenderera kwechirimwa, kusarudzwa kusingaverengeki kwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa (pamwe nekusatevedzera chirongwa chekurapa kana kuderedza nhamba yavo). Uyezve, rondedzero iyi inogona kuwedzerwa kana tikafunga kuti zvirimwa zvisina simba zvinonyanya kubatwa nezvirwere. Sezvo Nikolai Parashchenko akasimbisa, kuderera kwekudzivirira kwemiti kunogona kukonzerwa nezvikonzero zvakawanda, semuenzaniso, kudarika kushandiswa kwemaitiro panguva yekurapa kwemishonga yesora kana kusaenzana kwemamineral nutrition.
Zvipembenene zvishanu zvepamusoro zvemwaka
Pakuronga iyo 2022 mbatatisi zvipembenene chiitiko rating, nyanzvi dzakaona kuti isu tiri kutaura nezve avhareji sarudzo inoenderana nenyika yese.
Kubva pakuona kwaNikolai Parashchenko, mwaka wapera wakagadzira mamiriro akanyanya kunaka ekupararira kwewireworms, Colorado mbatata zvipembenene, cutworms uye stem (tuber) nematodes. Muminda yembeu, hove dzakakonzera matambudziko.
Achitaura nezvemamiriro akaita nematode, maneja wehunyanzvi weBASF akacherekedza kuti nzvimbo huru dzekupararira kwehupukanana imbeu yakasvibiswa uye ivhu rinodonha kubva kune rimwe munda richienda kune rimwe pane zvinoshanda zvemichina yekurima. Uye zvikonzero zvakakosha zvekupararira kwevanhu vazhinji kusatevedzera kutenderera kwechirimwa uye rondedzero idiki kwazvo yenematicides pamusika weRussia.
Valeria Ananyeva akapa nzvimbo yekutanga muyero yezvipembenene kune stem nematode (lat. Ditylenchus destructor). Nyanzvi yakatsanangura sarudzo yake nenyaya yekuti kuwedzera kwevhu kunyoro panguva yekudonha kwakakonzera kuwedzera kwakasimba kwehutachiona hwema tubers (inozivikanwa kuti nehunyoro hunosvika 40% chete 10% yemachubhu inobatwa, asi yatova ne60% hunyoro hwehunyoro - 62,8% yemachubhu, uye pa80 -percent - kusvika 90%).
Nzvimbo yechipiri muchiyero chaValeria Ananyeva yakapihwa cicadas. Ngatikuyeuchidzei kuti zvipembenene izvi zvine ngozi zvikuru nokuti zvinotakura utachiona hwe<em>columnar wilt virus, spindle tuber viroid, uye utachiona hweL. Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi, muhafu yechipiri yezhizha, mashizha emashizha anoshingaira kutama uye akawedzera vanhu, nokuda kwe kunopisa uye kwakaoma mamiriro okunze akanaka kwavari.
Iyo cutworm iri pachinhanho chechitatu: muchirimo, nekuda kwekunonoka kudyara uye nguva yakareba yekumera, makonye ekucheka akakuvadza chikamu chikuru chetanho dzembatatisi munzvimbo dzepakati nekumaodzanyemba kwenyika.
Nzvimbo inotevera maererano nekuoma kwekukuvadza yakatorwa neColorado potato beetle. Kupisa kwezhizha kwegore rino kwakakonzera kupararira kwayo kukuru. Maererano nenyanzvi, muminda yemapurazi akaderedza kuwanda kwemishonga yezvipembenene, nzvimbo dzekuberekesa dzechipembenene ichi dzakanyorwa.
Iyo peach aphid inovhara chiyero: nekuda kwekupisa kwezhizha, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenyika mafungu maviri ekubereka kwechipembenene chinokuvadza akaonekwa - pakupera kwaJune uye pakutanga kwaAugust.
Kugadzirira kumhara
Tichipeta mhedzisiro yemwaka wa2022, isu tinofunga zvakare nezve matambudziko akamirira varimi vembatatisi mune inotevera. Mamwe matambudziko ane kwaakabva mugore rapfuura, uye izvi zvakakosha kufunga. Nokudaro, maererano naValeria Ananyeva, maneja wezvigadzirwa zveChance Group of Companies, mushure memamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ekuvhuvhuta, chikamu chinokosha chemapurazi eRussia chichatarisana nehuwandu hwekupararira kwezvirwere zvose zvefungal uye kuwanda kwemasora.
Kazhinji, nyanzvi dzinokurudzira, senguva dzose, nzira ine mutoro yekugadzira nzira yekudzivirira kudyara kubva kune zvirwere uye zvipembenene uye kutanga nekukwanisa kugadzirisa mbeu.
"Kana tikaverenga hupfumi hwechikamu chega chega chetekinoroji yekurima mbatatisi, ipapo kugadzirisa kwembeu kuchauya pekutanga pakuverenga mari yakasimwa pachikamu chepurofiti," Nikolai Parashchenko, maneja wekuvandudza nekushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvechibage uye. zvirimwa zvakakosha paBASF, inogutsikana. - Uye zvakasiyana, kana ukasatora kurapwa kwembeu zvakanyanya, zvino kurasikirwa mugoho uye kunaka hakugone kubhadharwa mune zvimwe zvikamu zvemwaka wekukura. Kunyanya kana tichitaura nezvembeu dzembeu."
Nyanzvi iyi yakakurudzira varimi vezvekurima kuti vasarambidze kurapwa kwembeu, kuti vasarudze mishonga inodzivirira fungicidal inoshanda nemazvo kurwisa rhizoctonia, ine mhedzisiro inogara kwenguva refu uye isingaderedzeke (inodzoreredza) pachirimwa.
Vachitaura padanho rekudyara mbatatisi, nyanzvi iyi yakarangarira zvakare kukosha kwekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene kuti mbesa dzichengetedzwe kubva muhupfu hwevhu, ndokurayira kuti tisakanganwe nezvekurima kwevhu remhando yepamusoro, mazuva ekudyara uye kukosha kwekurima. kuwedzera madosi akazara emamineral nutrition mureshiyo N:P:K - 1 :1-1,2:1,6-2. Uye zvakare, Nikolai Parashchenko akakurudzira kutarisisa kune zviri muvhu reCa, Mg uye B, pamwe nekuchenjerera zvakanyanya kana uchishandisa mishonga yesora (usapfuure zvakatarwa tsika uye nguva yekushandisa).
Kuenderera mberi nehurukuro pamusoro penjodzi dzemwaka mutsva, nyanzvi yakapa mazano kune varimi vembatatisi kuti vasamirire kuratidzwa kwekupedzisira blight, asi kushanda nekudzivirira nefungicides; uye nekukasira kuita mishonga yezvipembenene kurwisa Colorado mbatatisi bhiti, uchichinja zvinhu zvinoshanda muchirongwa.
Nyanzvi yakataura kuti mumwaka kucharamba kuine kutyisidzira kwekukura kukuru kweAlternaria (kana zviratidzo zvekutanga zvaonekwa, zvichave zvakafanira kutanga kushanda nefungicides), mabhakitiriya akasiyana-siyana, pythium uye anthracnose. Paunenge uchigadzira zano rekudzivirira kubva kuzvirwere izvi, kuwedzera kune kemikari nzira dzekudzivirira, zvakakosha kuve nechokwadi chekuti inokwana calcium muvhu. Mbatatisi, iyo yakanyatso kupihwa necalcium, haina kukuvadzwa zvishoma uye inozove isinganyanyi kukanganiswa ne bacteriosis.