A.I. Polinova, D.R. Zagirova, L.Yu. Kokaeva, I.I. Busko, I. V. Levantsevich, S.N. Elansky
Mumakore achangopfuura, hupfumi hwenyika hwembatatisi nembeu mumatanda hwakaderera zvakanyanya muBelarus. Basa reimwe mhando yezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye chiyero chavo muagrophytocenoses zvachinja. Kukuvadza kwevakawanda kwete kungopararira kwezvirwere (kunonoka kunonoka, alternariosis, marudzi ese echipuka, bacteriosis, yakaoma fusarium kuora) kwawedzera, asi zvakare nyowani, dzisina kunyatso dzidzwa dzakaita sevanga remvura rinoora (Fig. 1). Chirwere ichi, chinoitika muIndia, Central Asia nedzimwe nyika dzekumaodzanyemba, chakaonekwa munzvimbo dzeGomel, Brest, Grodno neMinsk yeBelarus. Kufanana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinogara ivhu, oomycetes, P. ultimum inokonzeresa kukuvara kwakanyanya mumamiriro ekunyanyisa hunyoro - munzvimbo dzisina kunyoroveswa, panguva yemvura yakareba (Taylor et al., 2008).
MuBelarus, kupararira kwechirwere kwakacherechedzwa mumakore nekuwedzera tembiricha yemwaka wekukura: mune mamwe matatata embatatisi, 8-10% yematubhu akakanganiswa. Ronda remvura rinoora re tubers rinokwanisa kukonzera kukuvara kukuru, uko kunokonzerwa nekushomeka kwemarudzi asingagadzike, matanho akadzivirirwa uye kukurumidza kukura kwechirwere apo tubers dzinokanganiswa (Zhuromskaya, 2003; Ivanyuk et al., 2005). Chirwere ichi chinobata chete tubers. MuRussia, maronda emvura kuora haasati akakosha.
Mune basa iri, takaongorora maronda mana eacusative maronda emaronda emvura akaora ari oga kubva kune zvakakanganiswa mbatatari yemidziyo Vektar Belorussian, Skarb uye kubereka mahybrids munzvimbo dzeScientific uye Practical Center yeNational Academy yeSainzi yeBelarus yePotato neHorticulture (Minsk dunhu). Zvinangwa zvekudzidza zvaive zvekuona mhando dzevanhu vari vega vari vega, huturu hwavo zvine chekuita netaputi tubers, kuongorora kukura pamatanho akasiyana emamiriro ekunze uye kuramba metalaxyl.
Iyo mycelium yeaipatsanurwa yakasimwa pamvura pea svikiro (180 g yemazai echando akasvibira akabikwa kwemaminitsi gumi mu 10 litre yemvura yakasanganiswa, mushure mezvo vakaiswa autoclaved pa1 atm kwemaminitsi makumi matatu); DNA yaive yakasarudzika kubva padambudziko rega rega. Kupatsanura DNA, chando mycelium yakaiswa triturated mu liquid nitrogen, yakakwenenzverwa muCTAB buffer, ndokuzobviswa muviri nechloroform. Iyo DNA yakachengetwa mumvura yakasanganiswa pa -30 ° С. Kuongororwa kweiyo nucleotide kuteedzana kwemarudzi-akasarudzika genome matunhu (matunhu enyukireya ribosomal majini 1S uye 20S, pamwe neyakavharidzirwa yemukati spacer spacer ITS18) yakakwidziridzwa ichishandisa primers ITS5,8 uye ITS1 (White, 1), yakaratidza kuti maronda akadzidzwa ndeaya ePythium ultimum Trow marudzi. (rinoreva zvakafanana Globisporangium ultimum (Trow) Uzuhashi, Tojo & Kakish).
Ese marara akanzverwa akakanganisa zvimedu zveGala mbatatari tubers yakaiswa mumakamuri ane mwando. Nzvimbo dzakasviba dzakaumbika pavari, dzikazoshanduka dzikave dzakanyorova, maronda anopinda zvakanyanya (Fig. 2) Hutachiona hwakaitwa nekuisa iyo P. ultimum mycelium pakati peiyo tuber slice.
Iyo inoculated tuber discs yakaiswa pane + 22 ° C. Chiyero chekukura kwenzvimbo yakakanganiswa chakacherechedzwa mumazuva maviri ekutanga, ipapo nzvimbo yenzonda haina kuchinja.
Iyi pateni yaive yakafanira kune ese akadzidziswa maronda.
Iyo yekukura mwero yematambudziko yakafungidzirwa pane oat agar yepakati pane tembiricha ye5, 15, 24, uye 34 ° C (Fig. 3). Kukura kwaionekwa panguva dzese dzekushisa; chiyero chekukura chakanyanya kucherechedzwa pa24 ° C (iyo 86 mm mukombe yakanga yakanyanyisa kukura mumazuva maviri). Pa2 uye 15 ° C, iyo yekukura mwero yaive yakadzikira zvakanyanya (iyo mukombe yaive yakawandisa mumazuva mana ne34, zvichiteerana).
Pakutonhora kwe15, 24, uye 34 ° C, huwandu hwekukura kweese maronda akafundwa haana kusiyana. Pane tembiricha ye5 ° C, kumanikidza P1 yakakura zvakanyanya nekukurumidza kupfuura vamwe (20 mm pazuva rechina), P4 - zvimwe zvishoma zvishoma (4 mm pazuva rechina), P10 uye P4 zvisingaite haina kukura.
Izvo zvinofanirwawo kucherechedzwa kuti pane tembiricha ye24 ° C, kukura kwakatanga pakarepo mushure mekudyara mundiro, pamatembiricha e15 ne34 ° C, kutanga kwekukura kwakasimba kwakanonoka nezuva rimwe, uye pa1 ° C - nemazuva maviri.
Metalaxyl (uye itsomer mefenoxam) inozivikanwa semushonga unoshanda kwazvo wekutonga ivhu oomycetes. Metalaxil inokwanisa kupinda mukati mehutubhu uye nekupa (kunyangwe pakadzika zvakanyanya) kudzivirirwa kwavo kwenguva refu (Taylor et al., 2008, Bruin et al., 1982). Nekudaro, iko kushanda kweye metalaxyl kunodzikira zvakanyanya mushure mekuonekwa kweanodzivirira mafashama muhuwandu hwevanhu. Mhando dzakanyanya kusagadzikana dzakawanikwa mumatunhu akati wandei eUnited States (Taylor et al., 2002). Iko hakuna data pamusoro pekupokana kweBelarusian P. ultimum strains kune metalaxyl, uye nekudaro zvakatemwa kuyedza kuramba kwavo mushonga mune iri basa.
Kudzidza kwekufungidzirwa kune fungicide metalaxyl kwakaitwa pane oat agar svikiro pamwe nekuwedzeredzwa kwefungicide munzvimbo dzakasiyana (Pobedinskaya naElansky, 2014).
Iwo akaomeswa marara aive nemimwe misiyano mukushora metalaxyl (Tafura 1). Nekudaro, pane fungicide fungidziro ye1 mg / L, kukura kweiyo P4 strain kwakamira zvachose, uye mamwe ese akasara akaderedzwa zvakanyanya. Mitsetse P1 uye P2 yakakura zvishoma nezvishoma pane svikiro ine metalaxyl yekumanikidza ye10 mg / L. Iyo yakaverengerwa inoshanda yevasungwa yeEC50 (kuwanda kweiyo fungicide iyo inononoka kukura kwehuwandu hwekushushikana nekaviri nguva zvine chekuita nekutonga) kune ese maronda aive pasi pe2 mg / L. Nekudaro, ese akaongororwa matambudziko aigona kubatwa nemetalaxyl; yakaratidzirwa kuve inoshanda zvakanyanya mukudzivirira kukura kweP.
Sekureva kwaBruin et al. (1982) mushure mekurapwa kwezvirimwa panguva yemiriwo ine metalaxyl pachiyero che0,5 kg / ha, kuunganidzwa kwefungicide mumatubhu kwaive 0,055 μg / g mune periderm, 0,022 μg / g mukortical layer, uye 0,034 μg / g iri pakati peiyo tuber. Zvinoenderana nedata redu, iyi metalaxyl inosungirwa kurwisa chirwere ichi, asi inogona kudzora kukura kwayo.
Kana uchikura pane oat svikiro, ese maronda akaumba oospores mu monoculture (Fig. 4), zvinova zvakajairika zveP. Ultimum. Pairwise splicing yematambudziko haana kuratidza anooneka zviratidzo zvekusanzwisisika kwezvirimwa - makapu aive zvakavharwa zvakaenzana ne mycelium.
Iyo data yakawanikwa inoratidza kuti P. ultimum iyi phytopathogen inokwanisa kukurumidza kukura mune yakakura tembiricha renji, kusanganisira pane yekuchengetedza tembiricha ye5 ° C. Iyo ine huturu kumatishu embatatari tubers uye mafomu oospores anokwanisa kurarama kwenguva refu. Nekudaro, iyo mhando iyi ine ngozi phytopathogen iyo inogona kuisa tyisidziro kune zvekurima uye inoda kuwedzerwa kudzidza.
Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa nerutsigiro rweRussia Science Foundation (chirongwa N 14-50-00029).
Tafura 1. Kunzwisisa kweP. Ultimum strains kune metalaxyl
Kushungurudzika | Metalaxyl kusangana, mg / l | ||
0 (kutonga) | 1 | 10 | |
P1 | 63 | 6 | 0 |
P2 | 65 | 5 | 0 |
P3 | 59 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 61 | 0 | 0 |
P1 | 105 | 10 | 3 |
P2 | 110 | 10 | 3 |
P3 | 95 | 0 | 0 |
P4 | 98 | 0 | 0 |
Approx. Iyo yakaenzana dhata yezviyero zvitatu inopihwa.
Chinyorwa chakaburitswa mumagazini "Kudzivirirwa kweMbatatisi" (Nha. 1, 2017)