TSVAKURUDZO YOKUTSVAKA
Alexander Kuznetsov, director director weSSSK "Ustyuzhensky mbatata"
Alexander Khutti, Anodaidzwa nezve Biological Sayenzi, Senior Researcher, Fungal, Viral, Mycoplasma neNematode Zvirwere zvePatato neMuriwo Zvirimwa Zvikamu, Zvese-Russian Research Institute yeMiti Dziviriro.
Chimwe chezvirwere zvinokuvadza kwazvo chembatatisi chirwere cheRhizoctonia, kana kuti "ganda dema" rinokonzerwa nefungus Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn mune isina kukwana mycelial nhanho. Njodzi huru yechirwere cheRhizoctonia inosanganisirwa nehunhu hwayo uye hupenyu hwekutenderera, izvo zvinobvumidza fungus kuita kurwira kwakabudirira kwehupenyu, pamwe nekuwedzera kugona kwekugadzirisa, kuvapo kwemapoka akasarudzika anastomotic anopesana nemamwe eanhasi fungicides, huwandu hwakawanda hweanokanganisa maruva ekudyara uye zvimiro zvinotapukira zvinochengetedza. kushanda kwayo muvhu kwemakore akati wandei.
Chikamu I.
ZVAKAITIKA VEGETATION
Chinhu chekushanduka kwechirwere ndechekuti rhizoctonia sepathogen yakagadziridzwa kumatanho ese egenegenesis yemuti unogamuchira uye unokwanisa kutanga kukura kwayo nekutanga kwekukura kwembatatisi. Zvimiro zvakasiyana zvinotapukira zvehizizoctonia chirwere, zviri muvhu uye nepamusoro peiyo tuber (kazhinji) kana mumbatatisi pachayo (latent fomu), inomera uye kutapudza chirimwa panguva imwe chete nekumuka kwemapfuro, pasi pesimba rezviputi zvakaburitswa muvhu.
Iyo fungus inokanganisa zvese zvepasi pevhu mbatatisi: midzi, stolons, maziso, nhungirwa, mudzi kora, zvikamu zvemadzinde muvhu, tubers, pamwe nechikamu chemuchadenga chematemu ari pamusoro pevhu. Iyo chiratidzo chekuratidzira yakawandisa: maronda pane ese epasi pevhu uye epasi pevhu nhengo dzemhando dzakasiyana uye mavara (kubva pachiedza kusvika kune rima brown, dzimwe nguva nhema), zvese kuchema uye kuoma; isina kuchena mycelium pamusoro peiyo tuber kana kuomarara kwayo, inova kurukwa kweiyo mycelium yefungus kubva ku brown brown kusvika kune nhema, pamwe nekusiyana kwakatsemuka, reticular necrosis.
Pachikamu chemuchadenga chedzinde, padhuze nepasi pavo, chena mycelium "jena jena" rinoumbwa - danho repabonde refungus, zvichitungamira mukuumbwa kwezvipembenene zvinogona kutapudza madiki tubers. Nekuda kwekukundwa kweiyo vascular system, chikamu chemuchadenga chechirimwa chinotamburawo: pane kurasikirwa kweturgor uye kuoma, mashizha anozara ne "chikepe" nekutora vara-tsvuku ruvara, kuumbwa kwemweya tubers, inoratidza inopfuura pathogenesis mune yepasi pevhu chikamu chemuti.
Mumakore gumi apfuura, pakave neyakajeka maitiro ekuumbwa kwe "gumbo jena" kwete muhafu yepiri yemwaka wekukura, asi panguva yekumera kwakazara kwembatatisi. Maitiro akafanana anocherechedzwa kune ulcerative fomu ye tubers. Kuratidzwa kwechiratidzo chechirwere ichi kwakakura uye kazhinji kunotora chimwe chiratidzo chinozivikanwa - black sclerotia. Njodzi yechironda fomu iri mukuwedzera kwayo kukuvadza, kuderera kwakanyanya muhunhu hwembatatisi, kuoma kwekuongororwa uye kusavapo kwayo mune itsva GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu mbatatisi. Mamiriro ehunyanzvi uye nzira dzekumisikidza hunhu ”, iyo yakatanga kushanda muna Ndira 01, 2018, izvo zvinobatsira mukupararira kwechirwere kusadzora.
Kukuvadza kwechirwere ichi kunonyanya kukanganisa hunhu hwekudyara: tubers dzinokanganisa dzinogona kurasikirwa kana kumera zvachose, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwezvirimwa mumunda, mashoma madzinde, kuderera kwekuchengetwa kwembeu nyowani, uye kurasikirwa kubva kune anokonzera causative mumiriri we rhizoctonia kunogona kusiyana uye kutangira pa 10-20 kusvika ku40%.
Nekudaro, rhizoctoniosis (nemubatanidzwa wezvinhu zvinokuvadza, kuwedzera hasha uye huturu, chinoshamisa chinja) chakasarudzwa sechinhu chekuyedza muchidzidzo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yemishonga inouraya utachiona pairi, yakaverengerwa mu "Rondedzero yemishonga yezvipembenene uye maagrochemicals anotenderwa kushandiswa mu2018" uye yakaratidzwa musika weRussian Federation.
Rondedzero yemabasa eiyo tekinoroji kuyedza yaisanganisira kwete kungoongorora kweyekuita kweanopfekedza vamiririri pane rhizoctoniasis, asiwo kuteedzera munguva refu (angangoita makore matatu ekudzidza iyo pathosystem: iyo causative mumiriri wechirwere ichi chirimwa-chinomiririra mumiriri) yemhedzisiro yemishonga pane mbatatisi kutapira, goho: huwandu uye mhando yezvinhu zvembeu zvakagadzirwa, kuongororwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwayo panguva yematsutso-nguva yechando yekuchengetera, pamwe nekumisikidza kwehuwandu nekukuvadza kwezvimwe zvirwere zvinowirirana, nezvimwe.
Ruzivo rwezvinomera rwakasimbiswa mumamiriro ekugadzira epurazi reBurov LLC (Vologda Oblast, Dunhu reUstyuzhensky). Mamiriro ekunze enharaunda ane mwero kondinendi, kunaya kwegore rose kunosvika mazana mashanu emamirimita, ivhu rine jecha rakakunda. Munguva yekukura mwaka kubva Chivabvu kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 500, avhareji tembiricha yemhepo yakatangira pa2018 kusvika 13,3 ° С; humidity yakagadziriswa pa18,5 kusvika 64%; kunaya kwakatangira pa83 kusvika 25,9 mm. Tichifunga nezve data iri, iyo hupfumi hwenyika inozivikanwa seyakakodzera bvunzo saiti yekuyedza tekinoroji, nekuti Rhizoctonia inoda tembiricha ine mwero uye hunyoro.
Munguva yekuyedza, mbatatisi dzakasiyana siyana Labadia, yakasarudzika chikamu, yakashandiswa. Mhando dzakasiyana dzakasarudzwa sereferenzi dzakasiyana pahwaro hwekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakati wandei: zviri pakati nepakati, paine yero yero yenyowani (kujeka kwekuratidzira kwezviratidzo zvechirwere), tafura dzakasiyana siyana, ine goho rakagadzikana, rakakodzera mhando dzese dzevhu, dzinobatwa neRhizoctonia.
Kuedzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzeLabadia kutevedzera zviratidzo zvehunyanzvi (kunyanya, sechiitiko chehutachiona, hutachiona, fungal uye nematode zvirwere) zvakaitwa zvinoenderana neiyo itsva GOST 33996-2016 "Mbeu mbatatisi. Unyanzvi mamiriro uye nzira dzekumisikidza mhando ". Zvinoenderana nezvakabuda mukuongororwa, izvo zvinoshandiswa pakudyara zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zvese zvehunyanzvi uye zvakawanikwa zvisina hutachiona, kunyanya chirwere che rhizoctonia.
Muchiitiko chekugadzirwa kwetekinoroji, zvirongwa gumi nezviviri zvakaiswa pamwe nekushandiswa kwetambo yemazuva ano yemishonga inouraya utachiona inosanganisirwa mu "Rondedzero yezvipembenene uye maagrochemicals anotenderwa kushandiswa mu12" uye yakaratidzwa pamusika weRussia (Tafura 2018).
Tafura 3. Zviratidzo zvehunhu (kushambadza): goho, huremu uye kupatsanurwa zvinoenderana nezvakabuda mukuyedzwa kwemunda pakuyedza zvinodhaka kurwisa mbatatisi rhizoctonia chirwere - Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn
Kuronga kwekuyedza, kumisikidza kwekuyedza, kuitisa kwekudzidza uye kunyoreswa kwakazotevera kwemhedzisiro kwakaitwa zvinoenderana nematanho enzira akagadzirwa nevashandi veVIZR "Maitiro eMethodological ekuyedza tekinoroji yefungicides mune zvekurima, 2009". Zvirongwa zvekuyedza zvakamisikidzwa zvisina mutsindo, muzvikamu zvina zvinodzokororwa nemamiriro echirwere anotapukira. Iwo masampuli akatorwa mukutorwa akatorwa kubva kumamaki akanyorwa (10m2, Makumi matatu inodyara imwe neimwe), pazuva rimwe chete kubva pachiumbwa chimwe nechimwe, zvichiteerana.
Kupfeka kweiyo tubers kwakaitwa pasi pemamiriro ekugadzirwa uchishandisa mbesa mbatatisi Grimme GL 34T ine mutsetse wekusiyana kwemasendimita 75. Kugadzirira kwekuyedza kwakadururwa mumudziyo wekupfekedza tubers zvinoenderana nezinga rakakurudzirwa nemugadziri, mushure maizvozvo mahubhu akadyarwa muvhu.
Huwandu hwacho hwakabata zvikamu zvitatu zvakakura zvekusimudzira mbatatisi, zvakakwana kuti zviongororwe uye kudzidza simba repathogenesis ye rhizoctoniae: mabukira akazara (kukwirira kwemiti kubva pa5 kusvika pa15 cm), kuzara kwemaruva uye chikamu chebudding, pamwe nenguva yekukohwa mbatatisi (kuverenga hunhu hwekutengesa hwembatatisi: gohwo, kurema uye kupesana).
Mhedzisiro yekutanga kweyekuedzwa kwetekinoroji kwema disinfectants yakaratidza (Tafura 2) kuti mune yekutanga kuverenga (chikamu chekumera kwakazara) zvakanakisa mhedzisiro yakaratidzirwa neisina kurapwa kurapwa, kukuvadzwa kwemabukira ayo anga ari mashoma pane mamwe ese akasiyana eakaedzwa disinfectants.
Zvirongwa zvekuyedza zvine mishonga yekuuraya utachiona zvinoratidza kuti mune ese akasiyana ekuyedza, kukuvara kwemashizha kwaive yunifomu uye kwakave kusapfuura gumi muzana yenzvimbo yakazara inogarwa.
Muchikamu chechipiri (maruva echikamu) uye chechitatu (chikamu chebudding), masimba ekudzvora asina kurapwa akaramba ari padanho rimwechete: kumedzwa kwemashizha nemastoloni neRhizoctonia mbatatisi zvaive zvishoma kana padanho remishonga inouraya utachiona.
Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvinoratidza kuti uterine mbeu tubers yakasimwa muvhu uye isina hutachiona hweRhizoctonia maererano neGOST 33996-2016, pasina kushandisa nzira yemakemikari yekudzivirira, inokura zvizere, isina kushushikana nekuda kwekumanikidza kwemakemikari kunoitwa pane immune system yetapiri uye nekudaro inoratidza mhedzisiro yacho iri nani kana kuti inofananidzwa nemishonga inouraya utachiona uye inogona kurarama ("ibva") kubva kuhutachiona hwaivepo muvhu.
Zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwe data, mune simba rezvitatu (tafura 2) uye panguva yekukohwewa kwembatatisi (tafura 3), chirongwa cheNha.
Iyo lag muzviratidzo zvinoshanda maererano ne infestation (kuwanda uye kukura kwechirwere cheRhizoctonia pazvimera nemastoloni) mumashandisi ekupfeka, zvinopesana nekutonga kusati kwarapwa, zvinonzwisisika uye ichokwadi chisingarambike: kushandiswa kwemakemikari kugadzirira kunotungamira kunonoka mukukura uye kukura kwezvirimwa, izvo zvinodzora hutachiona hwavo uye zvinotungamira kune zvakawanda hutachiona hwakakomba nezvirwere, kwatiri, rhizoctonia. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti uyu mufananidzo wakajairwa kuyedzo iyi uchishandisa yekudyara zvinhu zvinoonekwa semahara kubva kuhutachiona hweRhizoctonia maererano neGOST 33996-2016. Mukuvapo kwehutachiona, mune imwe nzira kana imwe, mumbeu mbatatisi (isina kana kuwira pasi peGOST 33996-2016), mhedzisiro yacho ichave yakapesana zvakanyanya.
Nekudaro, kushandiswa kwemhando yepamusoro yekupfekedza vamiririri, semuenzaniso, sarudzo Nha. 4, inoruramiswa uye inokanganisa, kutanga kwezvose, hunhu hwakakosha sekukohwa nekutengesa, zvinova zvimwe zvezvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro mbatatisi.
MADZIMAI: tinokwevera kutarisisa kwevaverengi kuti chinyorwa ichi chine data pamhedzisiro yechiitiko chiri kukura mugore rekutanga rekuyedza. Muchinyorwa chinotevera chejenali, isu tichaburitsa kuenderera kwenyaya iyi: chinyorwa chinosanganisira kucherechedzwa kwemabatch akagamuchirwa ematatata pamatanho akasiyana ekuchengetedza mumwaka wa2018 / 2019, pamwe nezvakabuda gore rechipiri rekudzidza.