Boris Anisimov, Federal Research Center yeMatata anonzi V.I. A.G. Lorkha
Kutanga kwekurimwa kwembatatisi muRussia kunowanzo sangana nezita raPeter I. Pane vhezheni iyo Peter I, ndasangana nembatatisi muHolland (1697-1698) uye nekukoshesa kukosha kwayo, akatumira Count Sheremetev bhegi rematatata tubers ane kurongeka kwakasimba kuti ubereke chirimwa ichi muRussia ... Zvinotendwa kuti nhoroondo yekurima mbatatisi muRussia yakatanga neiyi bhegi rembatatisi. Nekudaro, hapana ruzivo nezve kumberi kwekupedzisira kweichi chirevo cheumambo. Kana zvikaitika muchokwadi, yaingova imwe yenzira dzekupinda matapiri munyika yedu. Chero zvazvingaitika, zvinozivikanwa kubva kuzvinhu zvekuchengetedza izvo zviri pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. mumaguta mazhinji eRussia nemisha yekumaruwa, varimi nevarimi vemizambiringa vakatodyara mbatatisi.
Pakutanga, mbatatisi muRussia, senge kumwe kunhu, yaifungidzirwa sechienzi chinoshamisa. Yakagadzirwa sedhishi risingawanzo uye rinonaka pamabhora emuzinda nemabiko. Uye, zvinoshamisa sezvazvinogona kuratidzika, mbatatisi dzakazosaswa kwete nemunyu, asi neshuga.
Zvishoma nezvishoma, maRussia akadzidza zvakawanda nezve mabhenefiti embatatisi. Anopfuura makore mazana maviri apfuura, mune imwe yezvinyorwa zvejenali "Zvinyorwa uye shanduro, kuitira kubatsira uye kunakidzwa kwevashandi", yakatsaurirwa kumatata, zvakanzi "maapuro epasi" (sekutanga nguva yavakadaidza mbatatisi) chikafu chinonaka uye chine hutano. Zvairatidzwa kuti mbatatisi dzinogona kushandiswa kubheka chingwa, kubika porridge, kubika mapayi uye madomasi. Nechekare muna 200-1764. mbatatisi dzakarimwa muminda yeSt. Petersburg, Novgorod, padyo neRiga uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Basa rakakosha mukugovera mbatatisi muRussia rakatambwa neMedical College, iyo yaive yechipiri sainzi institution muRussia mushure meChikoro cheSainzi. Kana iri muma60s ezana XVIII century. nzara yakatanga mune mamwe matunhu enyika, Medical College yakatumira mushumo wakakosha kuSeneti. Chirevo ichi, kunyanya, chakataura kuti nzira yakanakisa yekurwisa nzara "... ine maapuro evhu, ayo muEngland anonzi potetes, uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo, mapeya evhu, tartuffles uye mbatatisi."».
Seneti yakapa chirevo chakakosha chinotaura nezve mbatatisi: «Кpamusoro pekubatsira kukuru kwemaapuro aya uye kuti vanoda basa shoma panguva yekurambana, uye uyu mubairo wakakura uye kwete chete kune vanhu kuti vawane chikafu chinonaka uye chine hutano, asi vanoshandawo sechikafu chemhuka dzese dzinochengetwa, vanofanirwa kukudzwa kune akanakisa muriwo mukuvakwa kwemhuri uye kurambana edza nepaanogona napo».
Pamusoro pechirevo, iyo Seneti yakaburitsawo yakakosha "kuraira", i.e. gwaro rekurima mbatatisi. Icho chokwadi chekuti muna 1765-1766 iyo Seneti yaive yakakomba nezvekugoverwa kwembatatisi muRussia zvinoratidzwa nekuti muna 22-30. akataura nyaya iyi ka40. Matanho anoshanda akatorwa pakarepo: mbeu dzakatengwa ndokutumirwa kumatunhu ese, kusanganisira iwo ari kure kwazvo. Aya matanho akapa mibairo yakakodzera. Nenguva isipi mbatatisi yakawana kuzivikanwa mumatunhu mazhinji eCentral Russia, Ukraine, neBaltic states. Zvisinei, pakanga paine kusagadzikana kwakakomba kwakabatana nekumanikidzwa kuunzwa kwezvirimwa zvembatatisi, apo ivhu rakanakisa rakatorwa kubva kuvarimi vembatatisi, vakarangwa nekutadza kutevedzera zvakarairwa nezviremera, uye vakabhadhariswa nekubiridzirwa. Mumakore XNUMX-XNUMX ezana XIX century. mukupindura matanho echisimba ehurumende yaNicholas I, izvo zvinonzi "mhirizhonga mbatatisi" yakamuka.
Zvinoitwa neFree Economic Society, yakarongeka muSt.Petersburg muna 1765, zvaive zvakakosha mukusimudzira mbatatisi dzichirima muRussia.Zvinyorwa zvakawanda nemasayendisiti akakurumbira enguva iyoyo aisimudzira mbatatisi zvakaburitswa mu "Trudy" yenzanga iyi. . Pakati pavo, basa rinokosha nderwekutanga musayendisiti weRussia-agronomist Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov. Muna 1770, akaburitsa chinyorwa chesainzi, "Chinyorwa paTarto." Yakanga iri imwe yemabasa ekutanga uye akanyatsotsanangurwa "pakagadzwa, kudyara nekupararira kwembatatisi", pamwe ne "pane kuunganidzwa nekuchengetwa kweizvi." Aive Bolotov ndiye aive wekutanga kudaidza mbatatisi kwete "maapuro epasi" uye kwete "mbatatisi", asi "matomatisi." Nokufamba kwenguva, zita iri rakashandurwa kuita mbatatisi.
Paive nevamwe vazhinji vanofarira tsika nyowani muRussia. Chinhu chakakosha mukurimwa kwembatatari ndechemugadheni wePetersburg Efim Andreevich Grachev, mugari wemuYaroslavl varimi. Muunganidzwa wake wembatatisi waisanganisira anopfuura zana marudzi. Pamabasa ake mukuenzanisa uye kubereka mhando nyowani, akagashira menduru makumi matanhatu pane kuratidzira kwakasiyana muRussia nekune dzimwe nyika. PaInternational Gardening Exhibition muSt.Petersburg, mhando dzemapatatari dzaGrachev dzakazivikanwa sedzakanakisa. Grachev akajekesa iyo mhando dzakasiyana dzeAmerica Pakutanga Rose, iyo mumamiriro ezvinhu eRussia yakawana hunhu hutsva uye ikashanduka ikave mhando inozivikanwa kwazvo pakati pevanhu - "yekutanga kuibva-yakasununguka". Gare gare iri basa rakaenderera mberi naN. Ya. Nikitinsky. Akagamuchira kubva kumwanasikana wake Grachev mhando dzese dzaiwanikwa panguva iyoyo uye akatanga kudzirera munzvimbo yeKostino yakatengwa nechinangwa ichi mudunhu reRyazan.
N. Ya. Nikitinsky akagamuchirawo mhando zhinji kubva kunze kwenyika, aive mutsamba anoshanda nevatengi, akavatumira mabhuku uye mbeu yezvinhu pakukumbira. Akakumikidza yakawanda nguva yekuyedza basa: kuyambuka, kusarudza nekuparadzira akanakisa mahybridi kuti agadzire mhando nyowani. Kuunganidzwa kwembatatisi N. Ya. Nikitinsky akawedzera kusvika pamarudzi mazana mana, kusanganisira emahybrids akaberekwa nekuyambuka. Iyo Kostino estate yaive panguva iyoyo ndiyo yega sosi huru yembeu mbatata munyika. Muna 400 N. Ya. Nikitinsky akafa, mudzimai wake akaenderera mberi nebasa rekubereka nekuchengetedza mhando. Mushure mekuchinja kwa1912, iyo Kostino estate yakawira mukuipa, sezvo isina kuwana rutsigiro rwehurumende.
Muna 1919, Bureau yeApplied Botany yeAgriculture Scientific Committee yakatanga basa rekugadzira muunganidzwa wezvekushandisa zvinhu uye zvakajairika kuunganidzwa kwemasampula (epamba nekune dzimwe nyika) yekuberekesa marudzi epamba matapiri. Muna 1920, apo Korenev Yeyedza Station (yakazotevera iyo All-Russian Research Institute yePatato Kurima) yakarongedzwa mudunhu reMoscow, muvambi wayo uye director A.G. Lorkh akaunza muunganidzwa wemhando dzakasiyana dzeNY. Nikitinsky. Munguva imwecheteyo T.V. Aseeva uye A.G. Lorkh akaronga uye akaita ongororo dzakawandisa uye kusarudzwa kwemarudzi (epamba nekune dzimwe nyika) pazvirimwa zvevarimi zvematapiri mudunhu reMoscow. A.G. Lorkh akanyora zvakare uye akazadza kuunganidzwa kwemhando dzakajairika uye nyowani dzedzimwe nyika. Vachishandisa sosi iyi zvinhu, vashandi veKorenevskaya chiteshi muna 1921 vakatanga basa rekuuchika kuti vagadzire marudzi embatatisi. Pakazosvika 1930, mhando dzaLorkh naKorenevsky dzakasimwa nekukandwa, yekutanga yacho ichiri kurimwa muRussia.
Munguva kubva muna 1925 kusvika muna 1958. yakawanda yakakosha sosi yezvinhu zvekuberekesa yakaunzwa panguva yenzendo dzakaitwa naSM Bukasov, S.V. Yuzepchuk, N.I. Vavilov, P.M. Zhukovsky nevamwe vaongorori vezvirimwa zviwanikwa muSouth America. Kubva pane kwenzvimbo, botanical uye cytological research, S.M. Bukasov akavaka yepasirose yekutanga sosi yepasi mbatatisi marudzi, ayo akabva angozivikanwa sedzakanakisa emitero yeNyika Itsva neKare. Ichowo hwaro hwese ehurongwa hwazvino hwembatat-inogadzira mbatatisi.
Basa rakaitwa paInstitute of Plant Indasitiri yakatumidzwa zita raV.I. N.I. Vavilov (VIR) pamusoro pekuchengetedza, kudzidza uye kushandisa mbatatisi yemhando dzakasiyana pakuberekesa kwakakonzera kuvandudzwa kwezvirongwa zvekuuchika uye yekutanga kugadzirwa kwembeu (inotsigira kuberekesa) yemhando dzembatatisi dzakagadzirwa pachishandiswa nzvimbo dzekutsvaga dzekurima dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana. nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo. nyika.
Mhando dzakasiyana dzembatatisi dzakagadzirwa muRussia muchikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechi90 ratove kumavambo kwemaXNUMX rakagumisira kusangana nezvinodiwa musika, kunyanya zvine chekuita nemhando yekutengesa mbatatisi inopinda mukutengeserana. Nekudaro, muchikamu chevagadziri vembatatisi hombe, kusanganisira masangano ezvekurima (AHO) nePeasant (mapurazi) mapurazi (PFH), kushomeka kwemhando dzakasiyana dzechinangwa chetafura nemhando dzakakodzera kugadziriswa zvakatanga kunzwika zvakanyanya, uye kumapurazi madiki. yehuwandu hwaidikanwa kuwedzera sarudzo, mukutanga kutendeuka, kukurumidza kuibva, kunonoka kusvibiswa uye mhando dzematode dzinodzivirira.
Pasi pemamiriro aya, masayendisiti uye vafudzi veRussia munguva pfupi pfupi vakagadzirisa zvakanyanya hwaro hwetekinoroji uye tekinoroji yekugadzira mhando dzembatatisi dziri kudiwa. Iko kuedza kukuru kwaive kuitiswa kudzidza hunhu hwenhaka uye kuwirirana kweakakosha maficha anotaridzira kufungidzira kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana, kuongorora kugona kwekubatana kwemafomu evabereki uye kuzivisa musanganiswa wekuyambuka kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekuberekana kunobatsira, kugadzira mhando dzemhando kune akasiyana-siyana anoitirwa kushandiswa, uchifunga nezvedanho rekuratidzwa kwezvakakosha zvehupfumi zviratidzo, nezvimwe.
Iko kushandiswa kwemaitiro matsva enzira mukuberekesa kunoshanda kwakatenderwa kwenguva ya1991-2010. kugadzira mhando dzinopfuura makumi manomwe dzakabudirira kupasa bvunzo dzehurumende uye dzakabatanidzwa muRejista yeHurumende yeZvibereko Zvibodzwa zvakabvumidzwa kushandiswa mukugadzira.
Zvinoenderana nedhata rezvakatipoteredza-geographical uye nyika bvunzo, kugona kwemhando dzakasiyana kwakabatanidzwa muRejista yeHurumende kwakapa goho padanho re40-45 t / ha, iro rakazadzikiswa pasi pemamiriro ekugadzirwa neyakaenzana tekinoroji yekurima mbatatisi. .
Kufambira mberi kwakakosha pachiyero chekusarudzwa kwemhando nyowani inosangana nezvinodiwa zvekugadzirwa kwekurima kwakawanikwa panzvimbo yekuberekesa yeAll-Russian Research Institute yePotato Economy semhedzisiro yekubudirira kuitiswa pasi pehutungamiriri hweanonyanya kuzivikanwa genetisiti uye muberekesi. , Chiremba wezvekurima Sayenzi. Ivo. Yashina chirongwa chekuberekesa chekusimudzira kwakafanana kweakasarudzika vanhu mune akasiyana ecological uye enzvimbo mamiriro. Vaberekesi vematunhu esainzi masisitimu vakatora chikamu mubasa pachirongwa ichi kubvira 1986. Ivo vese vakave nemukana wekugamuchira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuberekesa kubva kunzvimbo yekusarudza yeAll-Russian Research Institute yePotato Economy, pre-yakasarudzwa padanho rekutanga-kuberekesa kusarudzwa kwekuvapo kweakakosha majeni ane simba uye polygen ane chekuita nevakawanda. hunhu hwakakosha mune zvehupfumi - kunyanya kurwisa zvirwere nezvipembenene uye heterozygosity, iyo inosarudza goho rakakura mumatatata.
Kuitwa kwechirongwa chekushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzakafanana dzekusarudzwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzezvakatipoteredza uye nenzvimbo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera zvakanyanya huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakasimwa hune huwandu hwakasiyana hwekugona mamiriro ezvinhu kumatunhu makuru ekurimwa kwembatatisi. Chirongwa chakabatana chekuyedza vanhu vakabatana vakabvumidza vese vatori vechikamu kuchengetedza mari mukugadzirwa kwemarudzi matsva.
Mukati megadziriro yezano rekusimudzira kukura kwesarudzo inoshanda, masayendisiti eV.I. A.G. Lorkh achitungamirwa naDhokotera weSainzi Yezvekurima E.A. Simakov, iwo akakosha mafambiro eiyo nguva kusvika 2020 akaonekwa:
Kugadzirwa kwemakwikwi tafura mhando dziri kudiwa mumusika wevatengi. Iwo makuru ma parameter kwavari ndeaya: anoyevedza kutaridzika kwe tubers, yakakwira kuravira mitengo, isina-kuita rima pulp mune yakasvibira uye yakabikwa fomu. Iyo dhigirii yekuchinjika yematafura emhando inogona kusiyana kubva kune isiri-inogaya (mhando yesaradhi) kune mamwe marudzi akagwinyisa. Kune mutengi wemazuva ano, hunhu maererano nechimiro chetuber, ruvara rweganda uye nyama nyama zvavewo zvakakosha.
Mhando yemhando yematafura yakapihwa, chekutanga, kusimbisa basa rekugadzirwa kwemhando dzekutanga dzekuibva kwekutanga kukohwa, kusanganisira mhando dzapakuvamba kwazvo negoho rinotengeswa mazuva makumi manomwe-70 mushure mekudyara nemhando dzekutanga nemwaka wekukura unosvika Mazuva 80-80.
Imwe yemaitirwo matsva akagadzirwa mukusarudzwa kwemhando dzemazamu etafura ndeyekuwedzera zvirimo ma antioxidants mune ma tubers uye nekugadzira mhando ine yakasimba (inopenya) anthocyanin kana carotenoid ruvara rwe pulp ye tubers, yakakwira hutano kukosha kwekushandisa chikafu chemazuva ano chine hutano.
Kugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekugadziriswa muzvigadzirwa zvembatatisi (machipisi, mafrizi eFrance, mbatatisi yakaoma). Aya marudzi anofanirwa kuve neakasiyana maitiro, ayo izvo zvemukati zvakaomeswa zvinhu (20-25%) uye kudzikisira shuga (zvakaringana kusvika 0,2%) mune machubhu, ayo anoona mhando uye ruvara rwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira chapera, zvakanyanya kukosha. Tubers inoitirwa kugadzirirwa chimwe chigadzirwa inofanirwa kunge iine yavo parameter muchimiro (machipisi - kutenderera, mafirita - akareba), kudzika kwemeso, kuramba kukuvara, kusviba kwepurp, kuburitswa kwechikamu chebhizimusi cheyakaenzana saizi.
Kugadzirwa kwemhando dzehunyanzvi ine yakakwira starch yezvinhu. Iyi nzira inofungawo nezve mukana wekuvandudza hunhu hwe starch (saizi yemastarch zviyo, chiyero cheamylose uye amylopectin nezvimwe zviratidzo). Iko kusanganiswa kweakawedzera starch yezviri mukati (ingangoita 18%) nekumira kunonoka kunaya uye mbatatatode yakakoshawo kune iri boka remhando.
Kuwedzera kushomeka kwemarudzi akasiyana siyana kuzvirwere zvakare yakaramba iri mamiriro akakosha kwazvo mukuvandudzwa kwekuzadza mbatatisi kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana. Ichi chirevo chinonyanya kukosha mune zvemazuva ano mamiriro ekuramba achiwedzera kukuvadza kwezvirwere zvakawanda, kubuda kwemarudzi matsva nematambudziko, uye kuumbwa kwemafomu anodzivirira kune fungicides. Kuenderera mberi kubva pane izvi, zvirongwa zvekuberekesa zvakapihwa musanganiswa wemhando dzakasiyana dzekushomeka mumhando dzakagadzirwa - hutachiona, hypersensitivity, kushivirira, kushomeka kwemunda zvichienderana nechirwere, kushandiswa kwekushomeka kwemajini masosi uye mukana wekushandisa makemikari uye ehupenyu zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvemiti.
Chinhu chakakosha mukusimudzira zvirongwa zvekuberekesa zvakaitwa nemasangano enharaunda esainzi anoita kuberekesa mbatatari munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemamiriro ekunze eRussia Federation. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuve nechokwadi chekugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemwaka wekukohwa, kusanganisa kugadzirwa kwepamusoro uye mhando yechigadzirwa nekumira kwakanyanya kuzvirwere zvakajairika, zvipembenene uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuenderana nemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza.
Mumakore gumi apfuura (2010-2020), vatangi veRussia vakagadzira anopfuura makumi mashanu emhando dzakasiyana dzinovimbisa dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira mhando dzematafura ekutanga kugadzirwa uye kwenguva refu yekuchengetedza, mhando dzekudya kunovaka muviri uye kugadzirisa kuita mbatatisi zvigadzirwa (french fries, machipisi , yakaoma mbatatisi puree), pamwe nehunyanzvi mhando dzekugadzira starch.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvirongwa zvekuberekesa mbatatisi zvakagadziriswa zvakanyanya nezvinodiwa zvitsva zvemusika wevatengi zvine chekuita nekudikanwa kwekuvandudza mhando yehutano muhupenyu hwevanhu - kudzikisa macalorie ezvokudya, kuwedzera zvirimo mumapuroteni akazara, mavitamini uye antioxidants. Tichifunga nezve izvi zvinodiwa mukuzadza mbatatisi, basa rakasimba riri kutoitwa pamwe nesosi yekuwana mahybrids anovimbisa uye nekugadzira mhando dzakasiyana muhunhu hwemakemikari ehuputi, kusanganisira epamusoro- uye akaderera-ane starchy, ine huwandu hwakawanda hwe protein, mavitamini uye antioxidants inosimbisa immune system yemunhu. Ehezve, kusvika padanho rakakura, kufambira mberi kwekuberekesa kusvika mukuwedzera kukosha kwehutano hwembatatari tubers kunoonekwa neyakaenzana neruzivo rwehunhu hwehunhu hwehunhu hwakasarudzika uye kushandiswa kwenzira dzemazuva ano dzemamorekuru ekutsvagisa nzira, kusanganisira kushandiswa kweDNA. mamaki, kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji nyowani yekusarudzika-yakabatsirwa kusarudzwa (MAS), pamwe nenzira nyowani dzakanyatso shanda uye matekinoroji ekugadzirisa kutungamira kweiyo genome rembatatisi kuti uwane magirotypes ane hunhu hwakakosha hwehupfumi hwekuzotevera kuberekesa kudzidza.
Imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga zvakare kushandiswa kwakapamhama kwenzira dzemazuva ano dzebiotechnological uye meristem-tishu matekinoroji ekuwana uye clonal micropropagation yeiyo yekutanga in vitro zvinhu uye kusikwa pane ino hwaro hwemakwikwi mari yemhando yekutanga mbatatisi yemarudzi matsva anovimbisa.
Kuongorora mamiriro azvino emusika wevatengi mbatatisi muRussia, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti maererano nedhata reWorld Organisation yeZvekurima uye Chikafu (FAO) pasi rese, kudyiwa kwembatatisi uye zvigadzirwa zvembatatisi pamunhu 35 kg pagore, nepo paavhareji yenharaunda dzese dzeEuropean, nhamba iyi iri padanho remakirogiramu makumi masere nemashanu pamunhu wese, uye muRussia - 85 kg pamunhu.
MuRussian Federation, avhareji pagore vhoriyamu yembatatisi yakadyiwa nechinangwa chekudya inofungidzirwa pamamirioni emamirioni 13-14. Nekudzika kwekugadziriswa kwezvigadzirwa zvembatatisi (french fries, machipisi, mbatatisi yakaoma), anenge matani miriyoni imwe anodyiwa. Iko kudiwa kwembeu mbatatisi yezvikamu zvemasangano ezvekurima (AHOs), varimi (mapurazi) mapurazi (PFH) uye vamwe vanhu vezvemabhizimusi (IE) nenzvimbo yekudyara yakazara yeanopfuura 1 zviuru mahekita angangoita miriyoni imwe matani. Izvo zvakanyanyisa kuoma kufungidzira iwo chaiwo mavhoriyamu ekushandisa mbatatisi yembeu uye chikafu chezvipfuyo muchikamu chemhuri diki-diki dzevagari, kunyangwe huwandu hunofungidzirwa pano hunogona kunge huri mamirioni mashanu kusvika matanhatu ematani. Sekureva kwenhamba dzepamutemo, muzvikamu zvese zvemapurazi, kudyiwa kwembatatisi yembeu muna 300 kwakasvika matani mamirioni 1, yefodhi yezvipfuyo, matani mamirioni 5. Avhareji kurasikirwa kwegore negore panguva yekuchengetedza mbatatisi inofungidzirwa pamamirioni 6 miriyoni.
Sekureva kweFederal Customs Service yeRussia, mu2019 kuendesa kunze kwenyika matapure akasvika 298,3 zviuru matani.
Nekudaro, muRussia, iyo nhanho yekugovera nematata anogadzirwa epamba anofanirwa kuve anosvika mamirioni makumi maviri nemaviri ematani. Kuderera kweiyi nhanho kunogona kukonzera kushomeka mune yakaenzana chiyero chembatatisi dzinotengeswa, uye nekudaro, kuwedzera mugove wezvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika. Chikamu chakafungidzirwa chekupinza muhuwandu hwakazara hwembatatisi dzakadyiwa inofungidzirwa pamazana mazana matatu kusvika mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu ematani. Idzi ndidzo mbatatisi "diki" dzekutanga, idzo dzinodiwa uye kutengeswa mumaketeni ezvitoro zvinowanzo wanda munguva yemwaka, kana pasherefu yezvirimwa zvegore rapfuura zvinopera muna Chivabvu, uye nemwedzi miviri -x.
Kukohwa kwakakura kwembatatisi muRussia muzvikamu zvese zvemapurazi mu2019 zvaisvika mamirioni makumi maviri nemaviri ematani, kusanganisira matani emamirioni 22,0 mumasangano ezvekurima nemapurazi evarombo. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti mumakore gumi neshanu apfuura, mugove wemhuri mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi wakadzikira zvakanyanya. Saka, kwenguva kubva 7,5, pakanga paine kuderera kubva pa15% kusvika pa2013%, nepo chikamu chemabhizimusi ezvekurima chakawedzera kubva pa77,7 kusvika pa65,8%, dzimba dzevarombo (varimi) uye vamwe vanamuzvinabhizimusi - kubva pa13,8 kusvika 21,0, 8,6%.
Zvingangodaro kuti mumakore anotevera kumwe kuderedzwa kwechikamu chemhuri muhuwandu hwakazara hwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi kunogona kutarisirwa uye simba ravo pamusika wembatatisi dzinotengeswa zvichawedzera kudzikira. Kuwedzera kunogoneka mukugadzirwa kwakakomba kwematapiri ekutengesa mumabhizimusi ekurima, mapurazi evarimi uye vamwe vatengesi vanogona kuwanikwa muchikamu nekuwedzera nzvimbo uye, kunyanya, nekuwedzera goho.
Munguva pfupi, inofungidzirwa avhareji goho rembatatisi mumabhizimusi ekurima vachishandisa matekinoroji emazuva ano anogona kugadzikana padanho re26-28 t / ha. Mumapurazi evarombo, zvinokwanisika kuti nhanho yepasi yezvigadzirwa inoramba iri mukati meiyo 21-23 t / ha, iyo inonyanya kukonzerwa neshure rezvinhu uye hwaro hwehunyanzvi zvichienzaniswa nemabhizimusi ekurima, pamwe neakanyanya kuoma kuwana kwevarimi kumidziyo yekurendesa, zvikwereti, rubatsiro rwefetiraiza, mafuta nezvimwe zviwanikwa.
Mune mazhinji mabhizinesi ekurima ane zvakakosha zvinhu uye technical base uye yakanyatsogadziriswa nzira dzekuparadzira, kugadzira mbatatisi kunogona kuramba kwakagadzikana. Panguva imwecheteyo, mumaonero edu, iyo yakakosha mikana yekuwedzera chaiko muhuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi inogona kushandiswa muchikamu chevarimi (varimi) dzimba uye vamwe vatengesi. Kuwedzera mashandiro ekugadzirwa kwembatatisi mune ino chikamu chemapurazi, kuvandudzwa kwekudyidzana kwemapurazi mumunda wekugadzira uye kutenderera kwevatengesi nembeu mbatatisi kunogona kunyanya kukosha. Chiitiko chakaunganidzwa chedzimba uye chakanakisa maitiro ekunze anoratidza kuti, mukati mehurongwa hwemasangano epakati pemapurazi, varimi, vachiva nhengo dzemubatanidzwa uye vachizadzisa charter yavo, havasi kurasikirwa nerusununguko rwehupfumi nehupfumi, asi vanozvisunungura kubva kumatambudziko ekutengesa. zvigadzirwa, kupinza zvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwayo kana kuwana mamwe masevhisi. ... Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kune musoro kwezvose zviripo zviwanikwa uye kugona kwenhengo yega yega yemubatanidzwa kunovimbiswa kuitira kudzikisa mutengo, kugadzirisa kunaka kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira uye kuita purofiti.
Iko kushanda kwepamusoro kwekudyidzana kwepakati-papurazi mukugadzira uye kutenderera kwembeu uye ware mbatatisi kunosimbiswa nemakore mazhinji echiitiko mune akanakisa epasirese maitiro epasirese ane nhanho yepamusoro yekuvandudza indasitiri ye mbatatisi (France, Netherlands, USA , nezvimwewo). Tichifunga izvi, kudyidzana kwemapurazi pahwaro hwesangano rekuzvidira remapurazi anorima varimi (varimi) mapurazi, pamwe nevehupfumi vane hunyanzvi vezvemabhizimusi, zvinogona kuve imwe yenzira dzinoshanda uye dzinovimbisa mukusimudzira mbatatisi. indasitiri muRussia.
Mukupedzisa, ndinoda zvakare kutarisisa kune chokwadi chekuti mumakore achangopfuura ruzivo rwedu uye mazano pamusoro pehutano hwembatatisi sechigadzirwa chakakosha muhutano hwevanhu chakakura zvakanyanya, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nemhedzisiro Kudzika kwakadzama mumunda weyakaumbwa wayo wemakemikari, pamwe nekufambira mberi kwekuberekesa mune nzira yekuwedzera kukosha kwehutano hwembatatisi.
Nekuda kwezvakanaka-zvine mwero zvemukati mezvinhu zvakakosha muhutubhu (makabhohaidhiretsi, mapuroteni, mafuta, mavitamini, antioxidants, mamineral salts, organic acids, nezvimwewo) uye yavo yakanaka chiyero, mbatatisi inogara zvakanaka uye ichagara imwe yenzvimbo dzinotungamira pakati zvigadzirwa zvine huwandu hwakanyanya hwechikafu, uye basa rayo mukudya zvine hutano kwevanhu vemazuva ano pasina mubvunzo zvinongowedzera chete.