Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba wezvekurima Sayenzi, Doca-Gene Technologies LLC
Kupera. Kutanga kwechinyorwa kuri mumagazini "Potato System" Nha. 2 (2020)
Sezvacherechedzwa muchikamu chekutanga chechinyorwa chino, mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi, zvinofanirwa kudzora zvakavimbika hutachiona hutachiona nekuda kwekuoma kwazvo. MuRussia, kushivirira kwakasimba kwehutachiona husingaonekwe kwakaunzwa, kwakatemwa nema molecular diagnostics nzira. Chigadzirwa chega chega chinofanirwa kuramba chichiwongorora hove dzinotakura hutachiona uye kuongorora huwandu hwehutachiona, nekuti kukuvara kwemarudzi akasiyana emaidha kwakasiyana zvachose. Iko kushandiswa kwenzvimbo munzvimbo yekugadzirwa kwembeu kunoshanda zvakanyanya, nekuti mamiriro ekunze anonyanya kukanganisa hutachiona hutachiona.
Tafura 4. Dynamics yezhizha uye mhando yekuumbwa kwemapapiro aphid anotakura mavhairasi, VNIIKH munda
Zita (marudzi) eanyowani | 2003 | 2005 | 2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pcs. | % | pcs. | % | pcs. | % | |
Peach girini | 116 | 26.1 | 58 | 50 | 54 | 49.5 |
Buckthorn | 35 | 7.9 | 6 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.7 |
Kazhinji mbatata | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
Bhinzi nhema | 230 | 51.7 | 32 | 27.6 | 36 | 33 |
Mbatata hombe | 16 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.8 |
Pea | 39 | 8.8 | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 6.4 |
Zvose: | 445 | 100 | 116 | 100 | 109 | 100 |
Muzvinhu zveVNIIKH uye VIZR (Zeyruk V.N. et al., 2017), zvinoonekwa kuti shanduko mubhayoroji yephytofauna yakakonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya muhuwandu hwemhando dzinokuvadza kwazvo dzemashiri - green pichisi. Kana muna 1970-1971. (Ramenskiy dunhu, dunhu reMoscow) uyu cosmopolitan aive munzvimbo yechina pakati pemhando dzakazivikanwa, uye mushure memakore makumi matatu nemashanu yakazova huru (Matafura 35, 4).
MuRuwa rweLeningrad, huwandu hwakawanda hwemanyowa pamatatata hunotariswa kubva pakati paChikunguru kusvika kutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu, uye mhando dzakadai sebuckthorn uye zvinomera zvinomera (Berim M.N., 2017). Huru dzinowanda uye hombe dzinowanikwa zvikuru kumadokero nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenharaunda. Zvinoenderana nekufungidzirwa kwevanyanzvi veVIZR, munzvimbo dziri pakati nepakati nekumabvazuva huwandu hwakawanda hwemashiri hunosvika 300-600 vanhu pamashizha zana (panowanikwa 100-40% yemiti), inova huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu; kumadokero nyika - 70-1000 vanhu (kusvika zana muzana yezvirimwa zvinogarwa) - yakakwira huwandu hwevanhu. Kudzidza kubhururuka kwemashura kumaodzanyemba (Kotlassky dunhu) uye kuchamhembe (Kholmogorsky dunhu) Arkhangel
dunhu muna 2017-2018 pane kudyarwa kwembeu mbatatisi (Popova LA et al., 2019) yakaratidza kusavapo kwepikisi aphid uye, kazhinji, yakadzika inotapukira kumashure, yakadzika zvakanyanya kupfuura maEuropean parameter eIVD yemwaka (Tafura 6).
Kugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatari mumatunhu ane husiku hwakaomarara, kunaya kwakanyanya, tembiricha yakaderera inoderedza zvakanyanya njodzi yekupararira kwezvirwere zvehutachiona. Kazhinji, kunyanya muNetherlands, nzvimbo yemahombekombe uye kuwanda kwemhepo ine simba kunoonekwa sezvakanaka zvinhu. Hongu, hove dzinobhururuka dzinowedzerwa zvakanyanya kana kumhanya kwemhepo kuri pasi pe3 m / s. Asi kana tichienzanisa maruva emhepo munzvimbo dzakasiyana (Fig. 6), zvino zvinova pachena kuti hove yeDutch ine mikana yakakwana yekurova mbatatisi nemuswe wemhepo: mukana wacho hausi pasi pe35%. Ndokunge, paavhareji mazuva maviri mhepo pane iyo polders inovhuvhuta chaizvo kubva kugungwa, uye mazuva ese echitatu - kubva kumaodzanyemba kana kumabvazuva. Kuzviisa zvine ruzha, hove dziri pamhenderekedzo dzinoshanda zvinoenderana nechirongwa: mazuva maviri gare gare. "Mhepo yakavhuvhuta ichibva kugungwa" hunyengeri hwekushambadzira, zvine mapfumo kuvimba chete pairi mumunda wehutachiona hutachiona.
Tafura 5. Dynamics yezhizha uye mhando yekuumbwa kwemapapiro aphid anotakura hutachiona, 2016
Zita (marudzi) eanyowani | Huwandu hwemanyoro, hwese | Kusanganisira nemwedzi, makumi emakore | ||||
July | august | |||||
I | II | III | I | II | ||
EB "Korenevo", dunhu reLyuberetskiy, dunhu reMoscow. | ||||||
Peach girini | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 12.4 | 0.8 | 2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
Kazhinji mbatata | 1.6 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
Bhinzi nhema | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Cicadas | 48 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 31 |
Zvose: | 22.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
Eb "Ilyinskoe", dunhu reDododedovsky, dunhu reMoscow | ||||||
Peach girini | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Buckthorn, buckthorn | 4 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
Kazhinji mbatata | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
Bhinzi nhema | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 |
Cicadas | 17 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Zvose: Nguruve | 7.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0 |
Cicadas | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Tafura 6. Mhando dzembatya dzakabatwa nemiteyo yeyero muna 2017-2018.
Aina | Kotlas dunhu | Kholmogorsky dunhu | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||
Yese, bv. | % | Yese, bv. | % | Yese, bv. | % | Yese, bv. | % | |
Aulacorthum solaniKalt. | 43 | 30.71 | 21 | 12.72 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 12.15 |
Aphis fabae Scop. | 25 | 17.86 | 44 | 26.67 | 7 | 8.24 | 19 | 17.75 |
Hyperomyzus lactucae L. | 17 | 12.14 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13.08 |
Aphis nasturtii Kalt. | 14 | 10 | 12 | 7.27 | 33 | 38.8 | 8 | 7.48 |
Macrosiphum rosae L. | 10 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphum padi L. | 9 | 6.43 | 26 | 15,76 | 2 | 2.35 | 25 | 23.36 |
Sitobion avenae F. | 8 | 7.51 | 15 | 9.1 | 7 | 8.24 | 9 | 8.41 |
Capitophorus elaeagni Guerc. | 6 | 4.29 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Aphis sambuci L. | 4 | 2.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus Goot. | 2 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Anoecia corni F. | 2 | 1.43 | 4 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.16 | 11 | 10.28 |
Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Brachycaudus cardui Kalt. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cinara costata Zett. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.36 | 2 | 1.87 |
Rhopalosiphum insertum Famba. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5.61 |
chete | 140 | 100 | 165 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 107 | 100 |
Maitiro ekushomeka zvishoma nezvishoma kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi yeRussia kune mamwe matunhu ekuchamhembe ane yakaderera vector kumanikidza kwatanga. Mazuva ano mabhizinesi atove kushanda muKostroma, Novgorod, Vologda, Arkhangelsk matunhu, Karelia. Iyo Primorsky mhedzisiro inoshandiswa mudunhu reKaliningrad. Pasina mubvunzo, kushandiswa kwemamiriro ekunze uye kwakanyanya nzvimbo yekuzvimiririra pakurwisa hutachiona hutachiona kunopa emabhizimusi ekuchamhembe zvakakosha. Mukuvapo kwemikana yakasikwa yakadaro, kuenderera mberi nekuita mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi muCentral ChZZ, nzvimbo yeVolga, uye kunyangwe zvichienda kumaodzanyemba iri njodzi isiriyo. Kazhinji, mumaonero angu, hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mbeu yemapatatisi inofanirwa kuiswa pamusoro makumi mashanu nematanhatu, apo avhareji tembiricha yemwedzi wega isingadariki makumi maviriоС, uye huwandu hwemvura yekunaya panguva yekukura mwaka hunopfuura 260 mm. Mamiriro ekunze akasununguka haangoratidzwe neyepasi inotapukira yemasvomhu, asi zvakare simbisa kuumbwa kwemhando yepamusoro inobereka mbeu. Mbatatisi inosimbiswa uye inoita zvisina kunaka muvana kumhepo yepamusoro uye tembiricha yevhu uye kushomeka kwehunyoro. Iyo yekuchamhembe iri nani? Kwete, pane zvinorambidzwa kubva kuchamhembe nekumabvazuva - iyo isina chando-nguva inofanira kunge ingangoita mazuva zana, huwandu hwetembiricha inoshanda hunofanira kupfuura madhora gumi nemaviri. Huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwembeu yekuchamhembe hunogumira nematambudziko ekugadziriswa, kurongeka kwekugadzirwa, kushomeka kwevashandi nevhu rakakodzera. Zvingave zvine hungwaru kutungamira zviwanikwa zverudzi rwekuberekesa mbatatisi uye chirongwa chekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwembeu chegore ra100-1200 kugadzira nharaunda imwe chete yembeu yekuchamhembe iri kukura munyika yeHigh grade sikero, asi chirongwa ichi hachina kusvika pakakwirira zvakadaro pakunzwisisa kwematambudziko azvino uye zvinobudirira, nzvimbo dzekuvandudza.
Basa redziviriro tsika
Zvipingamupinyi zvirimwa zvinofanirwa kushandiswa mukugadzira mbeu pane chero chikamu cheve vector kumanikidza. Musiyano wevaravara pakati pezvinhu zvezvirimwa nevhu risina chinhu wakaratidzirwa kukwezva hove, zvichikonzera kuti hove zhinji dzimhara pamiti yakanyanyisa. Senzvimbo yekumhara, hove dzinofunga chero nzvimbo dzisingagarwe dzevhu - maburi, mamaki, kubviswa kwezvinopfuura zvitatu zvirimwa mumutsara panguva yekuchenesa phyto, tramline dzevapfapfahi nemidziyo yekusasa. Kuderedza huwandu hwevhu rakashama rakatenderedza uye pakati pezvirimwa zvembatatisi zvinoderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hweshiri dzakayerera dzichiuya. Saizvozvowo, kusiya chero nzvimbo dzisina vanhu nemiti pazvirimwa zvembeu, kungava kukamura mitsara, magumo eminda, akanaka, asi zvinomutsa kupararira kwezvirwere zvehutachiona (pikicha 11).
Izvo zvakanaka kuisa zvipingamupinyi zvirimwa padyo nemiti yematatisi, uye kusiya mhepo yakasviba, nzira kumashure kwavo (mufananidzo 12, 13). Muchiitiko ichi, aphid inopesana nemusiyano wemavara uye inogadzikana pane zvinomera zvechivhariso tsika. Panguva yekudyisa kana kuyedzwa
majekiseni, muromo wake zvishandiso zvinobviswa zvehutachiona zvimedu. Sezvo zvirimwa zvinodzivirira zvisina mavhairasi, hove dzinova "dzakachena" kana kutapukirwa zvishoma pavanenge vachienda kumbatatisi. Izvi zvinoshanda zvinobudirira kune mazhinji hutachiona hutachiona, kunze kweFRRV.
Nzvimbo inomera chirimwa chinodzivirira inova musungo unoshanda weanyowani kana achingova nemamita mashoma paupamhi, imwe kana maviri anopfuura echibhorani. Sarudzo yezvirimwa yakakura zvakakwana, chinhu chikuru ndechekuti ivo havasi vatakuri vemavhairasi embatatisi. Zviyo zvinonyanya kushandiswa gorosi, rye, bhari, mapfunde, mhunga, ryegrass, nezvimwe. (Mufananidzo 14). Zvine musoro, asi zvinoda kutarisirwa kwakakwana paminda yembeu, sarudzo dzekugadzira chipingamupinyi chemahwidi vari kudyara padyo nemafuro neminda yehuswa (foto 13) uye nekudyara munda wakakomberedza mukombero nembatatisi (foto 15). Zvisinei, munhu anofanira kuziva kuti hapana njodzi yekusanganisa mhando chete kana imwe chete yembeu ikaiswa pamunda mumwe chete.
Kana zvipingamupinyi zvirimwa zvikasashandiswa, zvino zvine musoro kurima mbeu yemidziyo yekuchengetedza michero padivi pemupendero kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura irongwa hukuru kana kushandisa chirimwa kubva kumitsara yekunze yekudyira. Mukugadzirwa kwembeu yemazambane, imwe mhando yezvipingamupinyi zvevaraidzo inoitwa zvakanyanya - kuzadza ivhu neoat kana mapfunde mashanga (foto 16). Ruvara chena runoratidzwa runodzora hove uye rwunozvitadzisa kusiyanisa chipingaidzo chevaravara pakati pevhu risina mbesa nemiti yematatisi. Zviri pachena kuti nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa chete paminda midiki.
Nzvimbo dzekugara
Nzvimbo dzekudyara dzekudzivirirwa kubva kune hove dzinotakura hutachiona hutachiona mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi haina kupararira. Kunyangwe nguva nenguva meseji pane ino musoro ichioneka, uye mhando mbiri dzekupfeka dzinotowanikwa nekutengesa. Yekutanga inosanganisira mambure akagadzirwa neshinda dzepurasitiki (mhando yemambure eumhutu, pikicha 17), muchimiro chemazango akafara. Flying hove, leafhoppers, psyllids haigoni kupinda mumasero asingasviki 0,6 mm. Panguva imwecheteyo, nekutenda kumakore mazhinji ekutsvagisa neveNew Zealand masayendisiti (Merfield CN 2014, 2017, 2019), zvakave zvichisimbiswa kuti kunyangwe pazasi pemeshoni ine 0,3 mm maseru, kune akawanda maafidi. Akazviita sei? Chikafu chechipembenene chakasimba kwazvo. Nguruve dzinowana mbatatisi pasi pekuvhara. Haikwanise kupinda mukati mayo, hazvo, kune vana zvakare - nymph dzehukuru hwakanyanya (foto 18), iyo aphid inozvara iye mupenyu uye ane nzara. Ivo vanokambaira kuburikidza netumasero madiki. Uye pasi pekuvhara vanotanga kuwedzera nekukurumidza. Saka, izvo zvinokwezva zvikara. Ndiani zvakare anofanira kufunga kuti angakunde sei pekugara. Photo 19 - lacewing mazai, iyo yakaiswa nenzira yekugara.
Chimwe chinokanganisa mhedzisiro yekumonera mesh kupisa kukwira. Iyo diki saizi saizi, iyo inowedzera tembiricha inokwira. Pa0,3 mm, tembiricha iri pasi pechivande iri 30% yakakwira kupfuura iyo yakasikwa kumashure. Chinhu chechitatu kusakwana kwekupinda pasi pekuvanda kwezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza michero. Vagadziri uye vateveri veiyi tekinoroji vanomanikidzwa kukurudzira kudzokororwa kwekushandisa kwe granular zvipembenene zvine fumigant mhedzisiro. Kuti uvasume, iwe unofanirwa kusimudza pekugara, hongu, kwete kwekanguva, izvo zvinoita kuti chinhu chekuzviparadzanisa chive nemamiriro.
Chechina, pekugara hachibvumidze kuchenesa, uye kana uchirima mbeu mbatatisi, ivo vanofanirwa, kunyangwe muzvikamu zvepamusoro. Chechishanu, iro rakakura basa rakasimba rebasa. Nekubatsira kwetekinoroji, iwe unogona chete kusunungura uye kudzoreredza izvo zvinhu (foto 20). Asi iwe uchafanirwa kutambanudza ruoko, kubata uye kufukidza nevhu. Chikwata chevanhu gumi chinofukidza huwandu hunosvika mahekita matatu pashifti. Sezvo ivhu rapasi rakaoma mumuviri, mhando yehupfu zvinoenderana nekuziva kwevashandi. Kana iyo ivhu ikasashandiswa zvakakwana, zvirinani munzvimbo, saka nekuda kweiyo yakakwira mhepo kubva kune yakasimba mhepo, izvo zvinhu zvinoputika, uye pekugara mhedzisiro inofanirwa kudzoreredzwa zvakare. Uye yekupedzisira - iyo yakadhura mutengo wemaseru zvinhu, kubva pa10 kusvika zviuru gumi zvemadhora pahekita, ine mwaka wekushambadzira wemakore gumi.
Zvisiri-zvakarukwa zvekuvharira zvinhu - dehwe, spunbond, agrospan - zvakatonyanya kushomeka kugadzirwa kwembeu yemazamu. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechekudzivirira kubva kuchando uye kumhanyisa kuibva kwezvirimwa zvemuriwo. Vanogona kupa dziviriro yakasimba kubva kune hove, sezvo vasina masero. Asi chete panguva yekuchengetedza kutendeka, izvo zvinonetsa kuchengeta. Zvishandiso 17-40 microns gobvu rinobvaruka nyore nemhepo, chimvuramabwe, mhuka dzesango, matai emotokari (foto 21). Zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvakati wandei kana zvishoma zvakafanana neizvo zvatakataura nezvazvo patinoratidzira nharembozha. Sezvo iyo isina kuvharwa yekuvhara zvinhu ichiraswa, mutengo wayo pamwaka wakaenzana nemutengo wemambure - $ 600-700 / ha. Hutongi hwekupisa uye kubvumidzwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza zvirimwa hazvina kunaka zvakanyanya. Muzhizha, tembiricha iri pasi penzvimbo yakadaro inogona kukunda mwero wemadhigirii makumi mana, uko pasina mubvunzo weyakajairika mamiriro embeu mbatatisi, tuberization uye kuunganidza goho. Iko kune imwe pfungwa mukushandisa kweisina-yakarukwa yekuvhara zvinhu chete pakutanga chaiko kwekukura mwaka - nekukurumidza mushure mekuumbwa kwemakomba uye kuunzwa kwevhu herbicide, ivhare iyo, chero ichibviswa pakutanga kwechimiro che stononi. Nekudaro, zvirimwa zvinodzivirirwa zvakavimbika kubva kuhutachiona munguva yakakosha, asi zvinokwanisika kudzivirira kusagadzikana kwenzvimbo yekugara pane tuberization, goho zvivakwa uye mhando yematanho ekudzivirira. Kunyangwe makumi mapfumbamwe muzana evarimi vembeu vachiri kuona tsika iyi yekurima isingabatsiri, nekuti zvirimwa zvichagara zvakavharwa kwemazuva makumi maviri nemashanu chete.
Mineral mafuta
Mafuta eicherwa akatanga kufemerwa kudzivirira kutapukirwa kwehutachiona muma60 uye ave kushandiswa zvakanyanya nevarimi vembatatisi yembeu kutenderera pasirese (Prasad R. et al., 2011). Paraffinic maminera emafuta inopa yakakwana hutachiona hutachiona hutachiona. Mhando zhinji dzinozivikanwa pamusika (Sunoco 7E, Sunspray Ultrafine 85%, Sunspray 850 EC, Glacial Spray Fluid, Organic JMS Stylet Oiri, Purespray / 13E), zvese izvi zvigadzirwa zvinobvumidzwa kushandiswa mune zvekurima.
Oiri yezvicherwa yakaratidzirwa kudzikisa kugona kwemashiri kutakura hutachiona husinga tsanangurike munzira nhatu: kushandura maitiro ekudyisa; ive yakanangana nehutachiona uye inoshandura kudyidzana kwehutachiona nemashiri nenzira yekuti kutapurirana kwehutachiona kunokanganiswa.
1. Kufuridzira hunhu pamafisha. Kupinda kweiyo stylet mumuti kunononoka kana chirimwa chasaswa nemamineral mafuta. Kana zvirimwa zvikarapwa nemafuta emamineral, huwandu hwemanyowa unotanga kudya mukati memasekondi makumi matatu ekutanga pamuti unoderedzwa ne30%. Pamusoro pezvo, maoiri akadzora aphid, asi anongotora maminetsi makumi matatu mushure mekumwaya.
2. Inangise chipembenene chiito pane hove. Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuparadzwa kwakananga kweanyoro pasi pesimba remaminerari mafuta. Sezvakaita chero zvipembenene, kushanda kwemamineral mafuta kunoenderana nekuti yakashandiswa kwenguva yakareba sei. Kana oiri ikamwayiwa pamashizha green peach aphid isati yaonekwa, mwero wekufa uri pakati pe11,7 kusvika 20,8% (Martin et al., 2004). Mishonga inosvinwa mushure memashizha akaunganidzwa negirini peach aphid yakakonzera kufa kwe80% (Martin et al. 2006). Iwo maoiri anonyanya kushanda kana huwandu hwevanhu hwe aphid hwadzikira.
3. Kuderedza kutapurirana kweutachiona. Izvo zvakawanikwa kuti zvicherwa mafuta zvinodzivirira kuchengetwa kwehutachiona mumuromo weavaidhi uye pane iyo stylet. Kazhinji, PVY zvidimbu zvinokwanisa kuramba zviri pamucheka wegirini peach aphid kwemaawa angasvika gumi nemanomwe mushure mekudya pamuti une hutachiona. Nekudaro, kurapwa kwemafuta kwezvirimwa kunoguma nehutachiona hwekuchengetedza nguva yemaminetsi maviri chete (Wrobel B., 17), iyo inoderedza hutachiona huwandu ne2-2009% kana ichienzaniswa neisina kurapwa kurapwa (Powell et al., 50; Boiteau et al. , 70).
Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu izvi kunoita kuti chicherwa mafuta chimwe chezvishandiso zvinobudirira mukurwisa kupararira kwemavhairasi. Mune ino kesi, iyo huru mhedzisiro inogona kuwanikwa nekugara uchigadzirisa munda wese.
Kune akatiwandei mabhenji ekushandisa zvinobudirira kwemafuta. Kutanga, dzinogona kushandiswa chete muhafu yekutanga mwaka wekukura, usati waumbwa ma tubers. Iyo inoshanda dosi ndiyo litita imwe pazuva, i.e. kana kuchengetedzwa kwakarongwa kwemazuva mashanu, saka chiyero chiri 5 l / ha, kana kwemazuva gumi, ipapo 5 l / ha. Asi nezviyero zvakakura, hazvigoneke kuteedzera chinorambidzwa - yakanakisa yevasungwa mumvura ndeye 10-10%. Pamusoro pe1,0% yemafuta emafuta, kutsva kwakanyanya kwemashizha kunoonekwa, zvakafanana nezviratidzo zveAltharia (Mifananidzo 1,5, 2).
Mhando yemafuta anowanikwa zviri pamutemo muRussia Federation inokwana. Mafuta eparafini echinyakare anomiririrwa nemhando dzePreparation 30 Plus (NPF Sober) uye Olemix (Sumitomo), mafuta epepe - Mero (Bayer) uye Rapsol (Elite Agrosystems) uye pane imwe chete gadziriro yakabatana yakanangana nemalathion nemafuta emafuta - Prophylactin ( Nyamavhuvhu). Hapana chimwe chazvo chine mvumo yakananga yekushandisa seyouraya mbeu mbatatisi. Uye zvakawandisa, zvakaiswa kwete senzira yekudzivirira, asi seadjuvants - ekunyorova vamiririri ayo anowedzera kushanda kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka. Asi mune ichi chinzvimbo hapana zvirambidzo zvekushandisa.
Kurongeka kwemitengo yemafuta emaminerari nhasi kubva pa150 (Kugadzirira 30 Uyezve) kusvika mazana manomwe (Mero) rubles / litre. Vanosanganisa zvakanaka nezvose zvinodzivirirwa nemiti, asi pane ruzivo nezvezvisingadiwe kana zvasanganiswa neRanman Top, Shirlan fungicides, fungicides yemhangura nesarufa uye nefetiraiza ine micronutrient, nemushonga wezvipembenene weBiscay. Kuona kuramba uchidzora hove, mafuta anonyanya kushandiswa ari ega kana akabatana nemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene, pakati nepakati pekushandisa fungicides uye systemic zvipembenene.
Mishonga yekuuraya zvipukanana
Kuvaka inoshanda sisitimu yekushandiswa kwemakemikari vamiririri kurwisa maveji ezvirwere zvehutachiona, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise zvakajeka zvese zvingasarudzika zvekutapurirana kwemavhaidhi nemaaphid. Potato shizha rwakapetwa hutachiona hunopfuuridzirwa zvinoramba. Inopinda muhutachiona, uye chipembenene chinoramba chichitapukira muhupenyu hwacho hwese. Rudzi urwu rwekutapurirana runoda nguva refu yekudyisa. Kubudirira kwehutachiwana-ku-aphid kutapukirwa kwehutachiona kunotora kanenge maminitsi gumi nemakumi maviri, uye inguva yakafanana yenguva inodikanwa kutapukirwa kwehutachiona kumuti une hutano. Semhedzisiro, hove dzinofanira kuramba dziri pachirimwa kwenguva yakareba. Iyo miviri mikuru mbatatisi inokonzeresa hove, peach mbatatisi aphid Myzus persicae uye mbatatisi aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, ndiwo makuru anotakura hutachiona hunoramba huripo. Zvakare, peach aphid ine gumi zvakapetwa yepamusoro kutapudza mukana uchienzaniswa nembatatisi. Iyo inoramba iripo nzira yekutapurirana iri nyore kudzora. Mishonga yose yezvipembenene inoshanda mune iyi kesi. Naizvozvo, kuitika kweVSLV mumbeu mbatatisi kwakanyangarika.
Isiri-inoshingirira, ndiko kuti, zvine hungwaru michina, ese mamwe marudzi emavirusi anokonzera kushambadzira kwemashizha: A, X, M, S, Y. Aya mavhairasi anoendeswa kune iyo stylet (yekudyisa iyo muromo zvikamu) zvemaaidhi kubva kune hutachiwana mbatata zvinomera uye nemamwe akawanda marudzi ezvirimwa nekukurumidza, muminiti imwe chete. Kana aphid ichibhururuka kubva pane chimwe chirimwa ichienda kune chimwe, inoiongorora, ichiiravira, uye kana ikasawana ichigamuchirwa, inoramba ichienderera mberi. Nekuda kwekuunganidzwa kupfupi uye nguva dzekutapurirana dzehutachiona, hove dzisiri dzekoloni dzinotora chinzvimbo chakakura mukupararira kwemavirusi e mosaic. Nechikonzero ichi, hutachiona hwakadai hunogona kupararira munzvimbo yese nekukasira kupfuura FLRV. Iko kushandiswa kwemushonga wezvipembenene hakuwanzo kuwana chero kudzora zvachose pane aya mavhairasi. Kurwisa jekiseni rekuyedza, kushanya netsaona kumatato, mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene zvinonyanya kushanda. Zvinodhaka zvakadomwa zvinosarudzika zvekudya zvinodzivirira (pymetrozine, flonicamide) nekukurumidza zvinokanganisa hove dzinoedza kupa chikafu. Systemic, translaminar zvipembenene hazviite basa rakakura mukudzivirira kutapurirana nekushambadzira zvipenyu. Asi ivo vanogara vari chikamu chinosungirwa pachirongwa chekudzivirira kune vazhinji varimi vembatatisi varimi, sezvo vachiganhurira yechipiri, kudyara-kudyara, kutapukirwa kwemavirusi nekutsikirira zvakavimbika kukoloni marudzi emarudzi.
Rondedzero yezvipembenene zvinotenderwa kudzvinyirira aphid muRussia Federation yakapfuma uye zvakasiyana. Iyo yekugogodza mhedzisiro inopihwa nemishonga inoshanda: deltamethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin. Neocotinoid zvinodhaka zvinomiririrwa neanoshanda mamorekuru eacetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam. Izvo zvinokwanisika kushandisa d. Muzvitsuwa zvine dzimwe nzira dzekuita: bifenthrin, pymetrozine, spirotetramate, chlorantraniliprol, dimethoate, flonicamide. Iyo yakaoma kudzvinyirira mhedzisiro inopihwa nemishonga ine mubatanidzwa we lambda-cyhalothrin + acetamiprid, spirotetramate + imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol.
Mhando yezvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene kubva kuvarimi vembeu veRussia ndiyo yemazuva ano uye ine margin inobvumidza kupa dziviriro inoshanda. MuEU imwe chete, mazhinji emaononicotinoid airambidzwa nekuda kwenjodzi yenyuchi. Ndeapi marongero akanakisa? Semuenzaniso, mafemu Syngenta neBayer vanopa avo avo marongero ekudzivirira kune hove, nekuti vane akati wandei anowirirana mushonga wekuuraya zvipembenene d. In-in. Asi mune imwe neimwe kesi iwe unofanirwa kusarudza uchiziva, zviri nani kusanganisa zvigadzirwa kubva kune akasiyana vagadziri. Paunenge uchigadzira sisitimu yekudzivirira kwemakemikari, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa misimboti inozivikanwa: kudzivirira kushandiswa kusingachinjiki kwemushonga wezvipembenene, kuchinjanisa mishonga neimwe nzira yekuita. Pakutanga kwemwaka wekukura, pyrethroid zvipembenene zvinokwana; seyakareba mashizha emafomu uye vector kumanikidza kunowedzera, chinja kune translaminar zvinoshanda zvinhu uye zvakasanganiswa zvigadzirwa. Kune pyrethroids, tembiricha sirin'i yeunyanzvi ndeye makumi maviri neshanuоC. Iyo nguva yekushanda kunoitwa kweiyo pyrethroids - anosvika mazuva manomwe, systemic uye yakasanganiswa mishonga - mazuva gumi nemana.
Iko kune ruzivo nezve kubuda kwekushomeka kwepichisi aphid muEurope kune deltamethrin, acetamiprid, uye esfenvalerat. MuUnited States, hapana chokwadi chakadai chakanyorwa. Usashandise mishonga inouraya zvipembenene (dv-va: deltamethrin, flonikamide, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, pymetrozin) panguva yenyuchi dzinoshanda munzvimbo yezhizha, kuvapo kwemasora anotumbuka muminda yematatari, kana kukura kweAphid colonies kunotenderwa uye uchi hwenyuchi hwakaumbwa, kukwezva nyuchi. Vamwe d.-va vanogona, kana chiyero chekushandisa chisina kukwana kana mazuva mashoma mushure mekushandisa, chinokonzera kwete kufa kweanyowani, asi chinodhakisa uye chiitiko chakawedzera, i.e. panogonawo kuve nekuwedzera kunokatyamadza padanho rehutachiona hwehutachiona nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene. Zvinokurudzirwa kuita marapirwo chete kana mukana wekukuvadza wasvika. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti utarise zvinoitika kune hove pakutanga kwemwaka wekukura nemushonga wezvipembenene unoiswa kana uchidyara mbeu. Kudzivirirwa kunofanirwa kuenderera mberi kusvika mashizha aoma zvachose. Kudzokororazve kwaro kunotungamira mukuwedzera kwakakosha kwehutachiona hutachiona.
Mukupedzisa, tinosimbisa zvakare kuti kukwirisa uye nekuwedzera kukuvadza kwezvirwere zvehutachiona kunokonzerwa nehunhu hwavo uye kuvapo kwenzira dzakasiyana dzekupararira. Mumamiriro ezvinhu epamusoro anotapukira uye vector kumanikidza, ese
Mishonga iriko haigone kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvirimwa zvembatatisi nemavhairasi asingagone. Kuti uwane hutachiona hwehutachiona hwembatatisi mukugadzirwa kwembeu, unofanirwa kushandisa mbeu ine hutachiwana hutachiona hwehutachiona, tsvaga kugadzirwa kwembatatisi mumatunhu ane yakadzika inotapukira kumashure uye vector kumanikidza, shandisa zvipingamupinyi zvirimwa, kuitisa kuenderera mberi kwekutarisa kwemasimba ezhizha uye mhando dzemhando dzemanyowa, shandisa chirongwa chekudzvinyirira hove kana kusvika pachikumbaridzo chinokuvadza chakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwemafuta emamineral uye sarudzo inofungidzirwa yezvipembenene.