Sergey Banadysev, Chiremba weAgricultural Sciences, Doka Gene Technologies LLC
Mbatata mini-tubers (MT) ndiyo yekutanga machubhu chizvarwa chembesa isina mbesa. Kuwana mini-tubers ndiro gore rekutanga chirongwa chekugadzira mbeu yembatatisi munyika dzese dzine kurima mbatatisi. Mbatatisi mini-tubers inorimwa chete munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa pasi, kubvisa njodzi yekutapukirwazve kwezvirimwa nehutachiona, fungal uye hutachiona hwehutachiona (kana machubhu emiti isina utachiona akakurira muvhu rakavhurika, mhedzisiro haisi mini-tubers, asi chizvarwa chekutanga mumunda).
Zvinowanzogamuchirwa kuti dhayamita ye mini-tuber inofanira kunge inosvika 10 mm; chero chinhu chidiki imicrotubers.
Kudiwa kwema mini-tubers ekugadzirwa kwematani ane zviuru gumi zvevakuru ndeiyi: ine makore mashanu OS uye ES chirongwa (yekutanga uye yakasarudzika kugadzirwa kwembeu) - zviuru makumi mashanu zvimedu; ine makore mana OS uye ES chirongwa - 10 zviuru zvikamu; ine chirongwa chemakore matatu - mamiriyoni matatu ezvikamu.
Iyo Russian Federation ine hwaro hwayo hwakasimba hwesainzi uye hutsva munzvimbo ino. Kuunzwa kwakakura kweazvino matekinoroji ekukura mini-tubers muRussian Federation kwagara kuri pamberi pedzimwe nyika dzine mbatatisi dzakasimukira: iyo substrate tekinoroji yakaunzwa makore makumi mana apfuura, gumi neshanu biotechnology nzvimbo dzakashanda pairi; hydroponic - makore makumi matatu apfuura, inoshandiswa nemakambani "Doka - Gene Technologies", "Meristematic Cultures"; aeroponic - yakagadziridzwa kuAll-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (VNIISKhB) mukutanga 40s; kubva 15, tekinoroji iyi yakatanga kusimudzirwa neInternational Potato Center uye nekushingairira kupararira pasirese. MuRussia Federation, kuiswa kwemaindasitiri ekukura mini-tubers anogadzirwa: "Mbatatisi Muti" uye Meristem. Panguva imwecheteyo, mabhizinesi mazhinji embeu dzemumba achiri kugadzira mini-tubers mumavhoriyamu madiki, mukati mezvinodiwa zvemakore mashanu evakuru ekugadzira chirongwa. Kambani yeFAT-Agro chete yasvika pamwero wezvikamu zvinodarika mamiriyoni maviri pagore, izvi zvakakwana kushandura kune chirongwa chemakore matatu.
Kuwedzera kwakazara mukugadzirwa kwemini-tubers kuitira kudzikisa hurongwa hwekugadzira mbeu uye kugadzirisa mhando yechigadzirwa inzira ine hunyanzvi yekuvandudza kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi. Nemaonero aya, kuedza kwakawanda kwakaitwa mumakore achangopfuura kuvandudza tekinoroji dzekurima. Chinangwa chikuru chekuvandudza ndechekuwana akawanda mini-tubers sezvinobvira pachirimwa mu vitro uye pachikamu chechikamu chegreenhouse. Kuzvizadzisa, nzira dzakawanda dzekurima zvirimwa dzinoshandiswa, asi hadzisi mhinduro dzese dzakarongwa semhedzisiro yetsvagiridzo yesainzi dzinoburitsa mhedzisiro mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri.
Mazhinji maficha ekubudirira kwakakura kugadzirwa kwemini-tubers inyaya yekuziva. Kugadzirwa kweRussia mbatatisi mini-tubers kwagara kuchiitwa pane yakanyanya kunaka uye yepamusoro sainzi uye tekinoroji hwaro. Uye parizvino, matekinoroji aripo uye anoshandiswa munyika anodarika mwero wepasi zvakanyanya.
Mamiriro ekutanga ekugadzirwa kwakakodzera kwemini-tubers kutevedzera mitemo nemirairo iripo. Iyo yekudzora dhizaini yeRussian Federation pamusoro penyaya iyi izano mune zvisikwa; mune yazvino mirau pamusoro pechitupa chezvirimwa zvekurima, semuenzaniso, hapana kana izwi pamusoro pemitemo yekugadzira uye certification yembatatisi mini-tubers. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, unofanirwa kutarisa kune ruzivo rwepasi rose. Munyika dzese dzine kugadzirwa kwembeu yembatatisi, zvinosungirwa kusangano, tekinoroji uye mhando yeakagadzirwa mini-tubers zvakagamuchirwa, kubvumidzwa zviri pamutemo uye kunyatsocherechedzwa.
Izvi zvinodikanwa zvinofanirwa kutorwa sehwaro nemabhizinesi epamba anoshanda mukugadzirwa kwemini-tubers, muchimiro chemaitiro emabhizinesi, ekuzvidzora, kudzamara iyo yepamutemo hurongwa hwekutonga munzvimbo ino yaumbwa nehurumende. Semuenzaniso, muRussian Federation kune zviyero zvekugadzira tekinoroji yekuberekesa complexes uye yekubereka greenhouses NTP-APK 1.10.09.001-02. Nekudaro, vagadziri veNTP havana kuisa mugwaro chikamu pane zvinosungirwa zvezvimiro zvakagadzirirwa kukura mini-tubers. Uye kune zvakawanda zvakadai, semuenzaniso: iyo greenhouse inofanira kuva negonhi rakapetwa nekamuri yekuchinja. Nzvimbo inochinjirwa inofanirwa kunge ine mapedhi ekuuraya utachiona tsoka uye yekugezesa nekugeza maoko. Magonhi ekupinda uye mavhuriro ese ekufemesa anofanira kuvharwa nemambure anodzivirira kubva kune hove (mesh size - inokwana 0,5 ne0,9 mm). Imba yacho inofanirwa kudzorwa zvakanaka kune tembiricha uye humidity (inoshanda kune imba yegirazi). Mushonga usina ivhu unofanirwa kushandiswa kurovedzera zvirimwa zvisingabereki. Kana musanganiswa wevhu/ivhu ukashandiswa, unofanirwa kurapwa/kucheneswa kuitira kuti pasave neutachiona hunokonzerwa nevhu.
Iyo mini-tuber goho rinofanirwa kuwanikwa kubva kune akasimbiswa zviri pamutemo mamicroplants kana mamicrotubers, akakurira munzvimbo yeaseptic kubva kune meristematic tissue yechinhu chekutanga, akaedzwa kusavapo kwehutachiona, viroids uye mabhakitiriya anokanganisa mbatatisi murabhoritari yekuyedza yakatenderwa.
Iyo nzira, maitiro, uye kuwanda kwekuyedza kunaka kwezvinhu pamatanho ese e mini-tuber kugadzirwa kwakanyatso kudzorwa.
Ruzivo rwakawanda rwakakosha rwakaunganidzirwa pakugadzirisa mbatatisi micropropagation protocol. Tsvagiridzo munzvimbo ino inoratidza mikana yakakwana yekuvandudza kukura kwechirimwa uye kusimukira kwakavakirwa pakuchinja kwehuwandu uye chiyero chezvinovaka muviri. Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti kushandiswa kwekukura regulators mune mbatatisi meristem tsika haikodzeri, asi kuwedzera kwezvimwe zvinhu, kunyangwe mukudzika kwakadzika, kunowedzera uye kunomhanyisa kugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Izvo zvakakosha kukwirisa mamiriro eincubation ezvidyarwa zvine micropropagated mbatatisi uchishandisa akasiyana mwenje masosi, mwenje modes uye mukamuri kufefetedza. Nekuuya kwemarambi e LED, kugona kwavo kwakatanga kudzidziswa zvine chekuita nembatatisi micropropagation. Tsvuku uye kure-tsvuku spectrum chiedza chinowedzera kukura maitiro; zvisinei, kusanganiswa kwe tsvuku + yebhuruu + kure-tsvuku / chena chiedza kune mhedzisiro iri nani pakugadzira tuber uye kuunganidza kwekutanga metabolites.
Tekinoroji dzekukura mini-tubers dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: substrate-yakavakirwa (yakasiyana siyana) uye substrate-isina (yemvura tsika uye aeroponics). Iwo makuru matekinoroji ekugadzirwa kwemini-tubers: pane zvakasikwa substrates (80% yemavhoriyamu), hydroponic uye aeroponic. Kugadzirwa kwe microtubers kune zvakare hukama nemusoro weiyo microtubers uye iri kuwedzera kushandiswa kuparadzira kuwanda kwezvinhu zvekutanga. Musiyano uripo pakati pe microtubers uye mini-tubers inzvimbo (microtubers inorimwa chete mumamiriro asina kusimba mu vitro, uye mini-tubers inorimwa chete mumamiriro akachengetedzwa ex vitro) uye saizi yechubhu. Mhedzisiro uye mhedziso dzakawanikwa mukuedza kunoshanda muzviitiko zvakawanda hazvienderane neinoretical postulates maererano nemikana yekukurudzira tuber kuumbwa mu in vitro tsika. Izvi zvinoshanda kune zvose zvinovaka muviri, kushandiswa kwezvigadziridzo zvekukura, uye mamiriro ekukura uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoshungurudza. Kana ruzivo rwuripo pachena pamusoro pemitemo yetekinoroji yekugadzirwa kwemicrotubers inobvumira, kazhinji, kuwana mhedzisiro - inenge kana zvishoma kudarika imwe microtuber inorema 200-400 mg pachirimwa, ipapo kugadziridzwa kwehunyanzvi kwehunyanzvi maererano nekugadzirwa kwakananga. mamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera kushanda kwemaitiro zvakanyanya. MuRussian Federation mune ruzivo munharaunda iyi nekugadzirwa kweanenge matatu microtubers anorema kupfuura 0,5 g kubva kune imwe chirimwa mune yakajairwa test tube.
Kurimwa kwegore rose kwemamicrotubers uye kuvandudzwa kwemhando yavo, akati wandei akasiyana magadzirirwo ebioreactors anogadzirwa-zhinji kutenderera pasirese. Aya semi-otomatiki masisitimu anodzikisira zvakanyanya manyorerwo ekugadzirisa uye nekudaro anowedzera kugadzirwa uye kuderedza mutengo wekugadzira. Microtubers inowanikwa mubioreactors ine hukuru hwakakura uye dhayamita yakakura. Tekinoroji yemazuva ano munzvimbo ino kuvandudzwa kwemasayendisiti echiJapan uye vagadziri.
Iyo yakakura-yakakura microtuber yekugadzira sisitimu inoshandisa epurasitiki tsika mabhegi zvinobudirira kugadzira 100 kusvika 300 microtubers pabhegi, zvichienderana nemhando. Kuchinja kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwe sucrose, nitrogen, uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe potassium phosphate mukati mepakati kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwedzera nhamba yose uye avhareji uremu hwe microtubers. Tekinoroji yeJapan inobvumira kugadzirwa kwe250 microtubers pagore (muzvikamu zvitatu zvekukohwa) muimba yekurima ye000 m66.2. uye 80% yema microtubers akawanikwa achishandisa teknolojia iyi ane huwandu hunopfuura 1 g, i.e. yakakodzera kudyara zvakananga mumunda.
Kugadzirwa kwemamini-tubers pane echisikigo substrates kunotungamira pasirese. Iyi tekinoroji, kunyangwe yakasimbiswa, inogona kuvandudzwa zvakanyanya. Genotype, nguva uye in vitro tsika mamiriro, saizi yechirimwa, kuratidzwa kune zvinovaka muviri uye kukura regulator zvinopesvedzera kugadzirwa kwe minituber. Zera uye pre-kurapwa kwembeu panguva yekudyara, mamiriro uye nguva yekuoma, mwaka wekudyara nekukura, kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yevhu, nzira yekudyara, density yechirimwa, mafetiraiza dosi, kuvhenekesa kunokanganisawo kusimba kwe mini-tuber kugadzirwa. .
Zvizhinji zvechisikigo zvinhu uye zvinhu zvakakodzerwa senge svikiro pakukura mini mbatatisi machubhu. Chinhu chikuru chegreenhouse substrates chinowanzo peat. Zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita seperlite, vermiculite uye vermicompost zvakawanawo mukurumbira nguva pfupi yadarika nekuda kweaeration yavo inonzwisisika uye kugona kwemvura.
Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kana uchikura mini-tubers mune substrate tsika, zvinodikanwa kushandisa macro- uye microfertilizer. Pakati penyanzvi, tekinoroji inoshandisa kudiridza nguva nenguva uye kuisa fetiraiza isingabereki substrates ine zvinovaka muviri inonzi hydroponics. Hydroponic tekinoroji yekukura mini-mbatatisi machubhu ane marudzi anoshandisa inert substrates (jecha, makwati emuti, kokonati, nezvimwewo) uye yakachena mvura tsika (yakaonda firimu rekudya).
Zvese zvinopihwa zvedzidziso yekudya mbatatisi zvine chekuita nekukwanisa kudzora tuberization zvinogona kushandiswa pakurima kwehydroponic, asi pane kunzwisisa kwekukosha kwekuchinja zvakanyanya kusungirirwa uye chiyero chekudya kune imwe neimwe siyana uye pamatanho akasiyana ekukura kwezvinomera. , kutangwa kwe tuberization uye kukura kwechirimwa machubhu. Maumbirwo emushonga wezvinovaka muviri anopiwa muzvinyorwa zvakawanda. Uyezve, huwandu hwemachubhu anowanikwa kubva kuchirimwa uye kubva kuchikamu chenzvimbo inosiyana kakawanda. Kana zviri zvekugadzirisa zvakanangwa kune kuumbwa kwechikafu mhinduro kuitira kuti iwedzere zvakanyanya huwandu hwemachubhu (uye izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakanakira hydroponics), kune ruzivo rushoma rwakavhurika. Mumakore achangopfuura, mabhuku mashoma chete akabudiswa kwete neinongedzero yezvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa zvemakore apfuura, asi nezvinhu zvepakutanga.
Iyo yemazuva ano - aeroponic - tekinoroji yekukura mini-tubers ine akati wandei akakosha maficha. Kusvika pari zvino, matanho ese anoteedzana ekuitwa kwayo akaitwa, asi tsvakiridzo yekuongorora inoenderera mberi. Kunyanya kukosha kweruzivo rwetekinoroji pane aeroponics ndechekuti inoratidza gwara rekuvandudza kwe mini-tubers kutenderera pasirese nhasi. Izvi zviitiko zvinoshanda kana zvinogona kuchinjirwa kune mamwe matekinoroji ekukura mini-tubers.
Sarudzo ye mini-tuber yekugadzira tekinoroji yemamiriro chaiwo anofanirwa kuenderana nekuongororwa kwezviratidzo zvekugadzira, mazinga enjodzi, zviwanikwa zvevashandi, kuenzanisa mari yekudyara, mutengo uye purofiti. Imwe neimwe tekinoroji ine misiyano uye yakakosha misiyano mukuita basa rekugadzira zvinoenderana nezvakawanda zvinhu. Ese matekinoroji anoshandisa uye akavakirwa pane ekutanga chirimwa zvinhu kubva kune yakaora tsika kana microtubers. Iyi nhanho inenge yepasi rose uye inogona kutorwa seyakajairwa. Mune tekinoroji yekukura mini-tubers pachayo, iwe unofanirwa kusarudza kubva kune yakakura nhamba yemhando.
Mazhinji emakambani makuru anokura mbeu parizvino anokura mini-tubers mugirazi kana firimu ivhu greenhouses pane zvakasikwa organic-mineral substrates nekushandisa zvakanyanya peat. Iyi tekinoroji ine mutengo wakaderera wemini-tuber. Kazhinji, chirimwa chimwe chinorimwa pagore. MuEurope inoonekwa seyakajairika kuwana 4-5 machubhu kubva kune chimwe chirimwa. Kushandiswa kwakasiyana kwema microfertilizers, biologically inoshanda zvinhu, uye RPPs zvinogona kuwedzera kubereka chinhu kusvika 8-10.
Nharo dzinotsigira bioreactor ndeye sterility, goho guru re micro-tubers pa unit unit. Kuipa kwebioreactor kudiwa kwembesa yakakura, hudiki hwemachubhu, dambudziko rekuibva nekudyara kwemagetsi mumunda.
Zvakanakira zve hydroponics ndeye manufacturability, mukana chaiwo wekukurudzira tuber kuumbwa, zvigadzirwa zveindasitiri; zvisizvo - kukura kwakashata kwemidzi yemidzi, njodzi yekuparadzira utachiona kuburikidza nemushonga wezvokudya, kushanda kwakanyanya. Aeroponics inoda imwe nzvimbo uye rima rakazara kune midzi system; nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwayo uye kupihwa kwemhepo, mamwe machubhu anogona kuumbwa achienzaniswa nehydroponics. Nekudaro, tekinoroji yeaeroponic ndiyo inonyanya kudiwa; magetsi haafanire kukanganiswa kweinopfuura hafu yeawa.
Iyo pfupiso pfupi iri pamusoro inoratidza kuti kuvandudzwa kwechirongwa chemakore matatu chekugadzira mbatatisi yepamusoro uchishandisa nhamba yakakura ye mini-tubers yatove chokwadi. Kuwedzera mavhoriyamu uye kusimbaradza kugadzirwa kunowanikwa nekuwana iyo yakanyanya kuwanda ye mini-tubers pane imwe unit nzvimbo ine hushoma huwandu hwekutanga zvirimwa. Ivhu remukati uye sosi zvinhu zvinodhura, saka kuwana chete 2-3 machubhu kubva kune chimwe chirimwa isarudzo isina tariro, kunyangwe ruzhinji rwe mini-tubers munyika inogadzirwa nenzira iyi kusvika zvino. Iine substrate tekinoroji, iyo chaiyo yekugadzira nhanho inoongororwa zvinoenderana neanotevera paramita: yakajairika - 100 pcs./m2, yakanaka - 200 pcs / m2; yakakwirira - 300 pcs./m2 yemwaka wekukura. Hydroponic tekinoroji ine mukana wekugadzira 500 mini-tubers, aeroponic tekinoroji - 1000 mini-tubers pa square mita. m yenzvimbo yekuisa panguva yekukura. Zvekureva: mutengo wekurima zvivakwa zve substrate tekinoroji muna 2021 yaive zviuru makumi mashanu rubles. pa square mita, ye hydroponic - 50 zviuru rubles, yeaeroponic - 100 zviuru rubles.
Dambudziko guru rekukura mini-tubers mukati nderekuwana musanganiswa weiyo inoshanda yekukura kwezvinomera neyakakura tuber kuumbwa. Kusimba kwekuumbwa kwetuber kunogona kuwedzerwa nekugadzirisa microclimate (tembiricha, humidity, photoperiod), optimizing mineral nutrition; kushandiswa kwe tuberization stimulators, kuderedza kukura kwezvinomera. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwana mini-tubers mumavhoriyamu makuru ibasa rakaoma resangano uye tekinoroji. Iwo nuances yekurima kwakanyanya kwemini-tubers akaiswa seruzivo rwekutengesa kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri. Iko hakuna veruzhinji mirairo yehunyanzvi; uku ndiko kuziva-kwebhizinesi rega rega.
Muchikamu chechipiri chegore ra2022, bhuku "Potato mini-tubers" richaburitswa nemharidzo uye ongororo yeruzivo rwuripo rwesainzi uye rwekutengesa nezvemusoro wenyaya uye nekusimbisa maitiro anoshanda ekuwedzera kusimba kwemini-tuber kugadzirwa. Huwandu hwemashoko hunopfuura mapeji 400. Bhuku racho richawanikwa chete nokuzvinyoresa. Zvikumbiro zvinofanirwa kutumirwa ku: s.banadysev@dokagene.ru