Saratov dunhu iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwechikamu cheEuropean cheRussia, kuchamhembe kweiyo Lower Volga dunhu. Iyo nharaunda yakatambanuka kwemakumi mashanu nemashanu emakiromita kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva, uye makiromita mazana matatu nemakumi matatu kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba.
Sekureva kweState Statistics Committee yeRussia, huwandu hwenzvimbo iyi vanhu 2. (496). Mugove wevagari vekumaruwa i552%. Dunhu reSaratov pachinyakare inzvimbo yekurima. Panyaya yehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvekurima zvakagadzirwa, dunhu iri panzvimbo yegumi pakati pematunhu eRussia.
Iyo yakazara nzvimbo yemapurazi (pane ese mapato epasi) ndeye 8417,6 zviuru mahekita. Mugove wemapurazi munzvimbo yakadyarwa i45%.
Mamiriro ekunze mudunhu ane mwero kondinendi: mwaka wakareba unopisa unopisa, yakawanda mazuva ane tembiricha inopfuura 30 ° C. Nguva yechando inotonhora, chitubu ipfupi. Matsutso haasiyane gore negore mukusingaperi kwemamiriro ekunze. Iyo yakagadzikana chando chivharo mafomu kumatunhu ekuchamhembe naNovember 25, uye pakati nepakati kumaodzanyemba matunhu - kubva Mbudzi 29 kusvika Zvita 8.
Panyaya yekukosha kwaro, indasitiri inokura indasitiri inoonekwa seimwe yezvinhu zvakakosha pazvinhu zveagro-maindasitiri enharaunda yeVolga. Ivhu nemamiriro ekunze enharaunda yeSaratov zvinowanzoenderana nekurimwa kwembatatisi, iyo inosarudzira kukosha kwayo kwehupfumi hwenyika mudunhu iri. Panguva imwecheteyo, shanduko dzakakosha dzakaitika mudunhu rembatatisi ichikura mumakore apfuura. Iko kushandiswa kwesimba-kwakanyanya matekinoroji uye mashoma magetsi zviwanikwa kwakatungamira mukuwedzera kwemutengo wekugadzirwa kwembatatisi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, munharaunda yeveruzhinji, nzvimbo iri pasi pembatatisi uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwembatatisi hwakadzikira zvakanyanya. Nekudaro, mugove wemabhizimusi ekurima uye K (F) X mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi mudunhu reSaratov yakaderera kubva pa22% muna 1990 kusvika pa5% muna2012.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo akakanganisa kusagadzikana kwekuwaniswa kwembatatisi kune veguta, kunyanya munguva yechando-chitubu, zvakakonzera kudzikira kwehunhu hwezvigadzirwa, zvakakonzera kudzikira mukukwikwidza kwenzvimbo dzematata tichienzanisa nezvigadzirwa kubva kuPenza, Tambov, Voronezh matunhu nedzimwe nzvimbo dziri pedyo dzeRussia, pamwe nekune dzimwe nyika. ...
Kukura zvinhu
Kunyangwe paine zvinangwa zvine chinangwa, zvinotevera zvinhu zvinobatsira mukugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi mudunhu iri:
- yechinyakare yakakwira uye isingagumi kudyiwa kwembatatisi nevanhu;
- inofadza masikirwo uye mamiriro ekunze munzvimbo zhinji dzenzvimbo iyi;
- kubereka kwakakwirira kwevhu chernozem muRight Bank, kuchamhembe uye pakati pezvikamu zveRuboshwe Bank, uko zvinokwanisika kuronga kugadzirwa kwakadzikama kwematata akadiridzwa;
- kugadzirwa kwekufambisa uye ruzivo ruzivo;
- kuvepo kwekubatana kwesainzi kutsigira kweindasitiri kubva kuAll-Russian Research Institute yePatato Kurima (VNIIKH, Dunhu reMoscow), "Saratov GAU im. N.I. Vavilov ”, Research Institute of Agriculture yeSouth-East uye Penza Research Institute of Agriculture;
- kumisikidzwa kwemapurojekiti hombe ekudyara ekuvandudza kugadzirwa uye kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera mbatatisi (muna Gumiguru 2012, chibvumirano chakasainwa nekambani yeMalino, iri kuita kusimudzira matekinoroji emazuva ano ekurima mbatatisi munzvimbo zhinji dzeRussia);
- matanho anoshanda ekutsigira nyika kune vanogadzira mbatatisi kubva kubhajeti renharaunda.
Mumakore achangopfuura, mumabhizimusi ezvekurima uye K (F) X, kwave nekuwedzera kwakakosha mukukohwa kwembatatisi zvichienzaniswa nemapurazi epamba (tafura). Nekudaro, nzvimbo dzakadyarwa hadzina kukura - muna 2012, mumabhizimusi ekurima enharaunda iyi, mbatatisi dzakarimwa munzvimbo inosvika 0,5 zviuru mahekita uye muna K (F) X - pa 0,7 zviuru mahekita. Mumapurazi mashanu chete nzvimbo yakadyarwa mbatatisi yaive anopfuura mahekita makumi mashanu (RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC, Krasnokutsk dunhu, Rubin purazi muBazarno-Karabulaksky dunhu, VIT LLC, PY Shherenko purazi uye MP Kryuchkova purazi) "Dunhu reEngels). Muna 50, vanopfuura makumi matatu makumi matatu nevashanu, varipakati uye vadiki varimi vekurima vaiita kurima mbatatisi mudunhu reSaratov. Panguva imwecheteyo, atova mumapurazi masere nzvimbo yematato akapfuura mahekita makumi mashanu.
Kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwekurimwa kwembatata kunofanirwa kuve kupihwa kupa huwandu hwevanhu vemumadhorobha nezvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, kunyanya munguva yechando-yechirimo. Huwandu hwekudyiwa kwembatatisi munguva ino yenguva, zvichibva pane zvine musoro zvokurapa zviyero (95 kg pagore), inogona kupfuura zviuru makumi matanhatu zvematani. Panharaunda yedunhu gore rega rinounzwa kubva pamakumi gumi kusvika makumi maviri ematani matani embatatisi, chikamu chakakosha chayo chinogona kuburitswa mumapurazi ematatata. Mamiriro akaenzana zvakaenzana ekuvandudza mbatatisi inokura mudunhu iri inofanirwa kunge iri sangano rehurongwa hwekuchengetedza, kugadzirisa nekutengesa.
Nyaya dzekuchengetedza
Mumamiriro ezvinhu azvino emusika, zvakakosha kwete chete kugadzira mbatatisi dzemhando yepamusoro, asiwo kuzvichengeta kusvika pakukohwa kutsva, kupa zvigadzirwa chitarisiko, kugadzira mabhureki makuru kuti ave nechokwadi chekuwaniswa nguva dzose kumasangano ezvitoro nekutengesa. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa zvichienderana neyakagadziridzwa kuchengetedza uye kugadzirisa system.
Parizvino, munzvimbo dzakashongedzerwa nemichina yekushandisa, nzira yekufefetedza uye yekudzivirira mamiriro ekunze haina kukwana. Mbatatisi inonyanya kuchengetwa muzvitoro zvemiriwo kana matura echinyakare. Nzvimbo huru dzemazuva ano dzekuchengetera mbatatisi dziri mu "Shherenko P.Yu." uye KFH "Kryuchkova M.P." Engels dunhu.
Vanogadzira mbatatisi vane chinzvimbo chekuchengeta mbatatisi inosvika zviuru gumi zvematani. Izvo zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti nzvimbo dzekuchengetera pakati pevagadziri vezvigadzirwa zvakagovaniswa zvisina kuenzana: gumi nemaviri kubva makumi matatu nemashanu makuru, epakati nepadiki vagadziri vembatatisi vanayo.
Zviripachena kuti zvivakwa zvekuchengetedza zviripo hazvina kukwana kune huwandu hwakarongwa hwekugadzira mbatatisi. Kugadzirwa kwematura matsva kunomanikidzwa nemutengo wakakwira wekuvaka kwavo. Izvo zvinodhura zvekuvaka mbatatari yekuchengetera nehoriyamu yematani 1,5-2 zviuru zvinosvika mamirioni gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nemaviri, zvine huwandu hwe11-12 zviuru matani - 3-3,5 mamirioni.
Iko hakuna mabhizinesi ekugadzira mbatatisi mudunhu iri anogona kubatsira varimi vekurima nekutengesa zvinobudirira kwezvigadzirwa zvavo, sezvinoitika kuHolland, Germany, Denmark, France, USA nedzimwe nyika.
Tsigiro yenyika
Kuti ikure mbatatisi ichirima mudunhu muna2013, chirongwa chakanangwa "Kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwematapire mudunhu reSaratov ra2013-2015" rakagadzirwa. Kuitwa kwePurogiramu kunopa kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo yakarimwa mbatatisi, inorimwa pachishandiswa nzira dzazvino dzehunyanzvi uye tekinoroji, kuwedzera kwegoho uye kugadzirwa kwakakura kwezvigadzirwa zvembatatisi, kuumbwa kwechinhu chitsva uye hwaro hwehunyanzvi mumapurazi embatatisi, uye nekugadzirwa kwemamwe mabasa.
Muna 2013-2015, Hurumende yeSaratov Dunhu inoronga kubatsira masangano ezvekurima uye K (F) X yaigadzira kugadzirwa kwembatatisi mukutenga michina nematurusi, mbeu nemamineral fotereza, izvo zvichave nechokwadi chekukohwa kwakakura kwembatatisi kusvika 2015 zvichienzaniswa na2012 na2013. makore ne1,9 uye 1,5 nguva, zvichiteerana.
Kuitwa kwegadziriro yematanho ehurumende ekutsigira mbatatisi inokura pachishandiswa bhajeti yedunhu reSaratov kunobatsira kuwedzera kukwezva kwekudyara kweiyi indasitiri kumabhizimusi ezvekurima uye K (F) X.
1. Kuitisa zvine musoro kugovera mbatatisi mudunhu maererano nehuwandu hwekushandisa, kugadzirisa kwekuiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana uye kurongeka kwekugadzirwa kwembeu dzepamusoro.
Maindasitiri ekurima mbatatisi kuBogar inorongwa kuvandudzwa muBazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeRight Bank. MuRakaoma Rweruboshwe Bhangi, ivhu rakadiridzirwa remapurazi eEngels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky nedzimwe nzvimbo dzichagoverwa kugadzirwa kwembatatisi.
Iyo inobereka zvakanyanya uye inoenderana neivhu uye mamiriro ekunze enharaunda iyi akasarudzika kusanaya kusanaya kwemazamu mbatatisi, akagadzirwa nevapfuuri vekumba VNIIKH uye Penza Research Institute yeZvekurima kunyanya kudunhu reVolga.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuti kuwedzere mazwi ekushandisa, zvinokurudzirwa kukura mhando dzemapoka akasiyana ekuibva - mhando dzekutanga dzekuibva kwekushandisa kwezhizha; mid-mwaka - kwematsutso; kunonoka kukura - kwekushandisa munguva yechando uye kutanga kwematsutso.
2. Sangano rekugadzirwa kwembeu dzepamusoro munzvimbo iyi.
Mbeu yeElite inokura mbatatisi ichagadziriswa mumasangano ezvekurima eiyo yekumusoro microzone, uko pasina mukana wekushatiswa kwezvirimwa nezvirwere zvehutachiona uye hunyanzvi hwemberi hwekukura kwembeu hunoshandiswa (kudyara kwezhizha, kusiyanisa weeding, yakasanganiswa dziviriro yezvirimwa system, nezvimwewo). Nyanzvi kubva kuVNIIKH neSaratov State Agrarian University ichapa rutsigiro mukutsigira kwesainzi kugadzirwa kwemhando yepamusoro. Zvekuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kwembeu dzenzvimbo, zvakafanira, kutanga kwezvose, kugadzira mamiriro ekutengesa mbeu dzemhando dzemazamu dzevaberekesi vemumba.
3. Kuunzwa kwehunyanzvi hwazvino-hwekuchengetedza-matekinoroji ekurima matapiri.
Chiitiko chakakosha mukuitwa kwePurogiramu ndiko kuunzwa kwetekinoroji yazvino yekurima mbatatisi zvichibva pane biologization uye kuchengetedza zviwanikwa. Zvese zvakaunzwa hunyanzvi zvinofanirwa kusiyaniswa zvichienderana nevhu nemamiriro ekunze emamicrozone akasiyana enharaunda uye zvinhu uye hunyanzvi hwenzvimbo yemapurazi.
Biologized tekinoroji inopa kurimwa kwehusingaperi huswa uye manyowa akasvibirira, kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu kurapa tubers nembesa dzembatatisi (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rhizoagrin, flavobacterin, nezvimwewo), izvo zvinobvumidza kudzikisira kushandiswa kwemaminerari uye manyowa mafetira nepo ichichengetedza muyero wezvinhu zvakasikwa uye kubereka kwevhu. Iko kushandiswa kwegadziriro yezvipenyu yekuchengetedza dziviriro (boverin, trichogramma, nezvimwewo) kuchaderedza mutengo wemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka uye kuona kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvakatipoteredza. Kuti kuderedze kunetsekana kunokonzerwa nekusanaya kwemvura munharaunda medu, zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa chaiwo ehupenyu anti-kushushikana vamiririri.
4.Yakakwana tekinoroji mazuvaano eembatiri indasitiri.
Kuitisa yazvino mbatatisi inokura mudunhu, zvinorongwa kushongedzera mapurazi evarimi vekurima nemidziyo-simba-inoshanda michina nemidziyo yekugadzira, kurongedza uye kuchengetedza matubhu, tichifunga nezvezvakasiyana zvemhando dzakasiyana dzekurima. Maitiro akakosha ekusarudza michina: kuvimbika, kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, kuwanikwa kwezvipenga uye kuwanikwa kweyakavimbiswa sevhisi yekukurumidza.
5. Kuwedzera madiridziro enzvimbo dzematapiri nekudzorera zviripo nekugadzira nzvimbo nyowani dzekudiridzira.
Iyo yekurima matapiri pasi pekudiridza haibvumidze chete kudzora zvakasikwa njodzi, asi zvakare inowedzera zvakanyanya hunyanzvi hwekuita kwayo kugadzirwa kwayo. Goho rezvigadzirwa kubva munzvimbo dzakadiridzirwa pasi pembatatisi zvakapetwa zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kubva munzvimbo dzakafanana pasina kudiridza, uye kugadzirwa kwevashandi, kugona kwekushandisa zvinhu nehunyanzvi zviwanikwa, kusanganisira mafetiraiza, zvinowedzera katatu kana kashanu.
Pamwe pamwe nekupararira kwechimanjemanje chemuchina wekudiridza uripo "Fregat" uye "Volzhanka" munzvimbo dzine ivhu remwenje uye wepakati granulometric kuumbwa, zvakarongwa kushingairira kuchinjika kune emazuva ano zviwanikwa-zvinoponesa madiridziro masisitimu - akaderera-vhorumu dhiramu-mhando michina, yakanaka uye yekudonha kudiridza.
6. Kugadziriswa kwezviripo uye kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetera mbatatisi.
Zvegore rose kutengeswa kwembatatisi kune vagari venharaunda yeSaratov, zvinokurudzirwa kuvaka zvivakwa zvemazuvano zvekuchengetera mbatata zvine hunyanzvi hweanosvika zviuru makumi mana ematani ehubhu, akashongedzerwa nemidziyo yekufefetera, kudzora kwemamiriro ekunze uye mashandiro ekurodha uye kuburitsa. Panzvimbo dzakakura dzembatatisi, mabhizinesi anozogadzirirwa epuraimari (semi-apedza zvigadzirwa) uye zvakadzika (doro, starch, machipisi, mafrizi eFrance, nezvimwewo) kugadzirwa kwematapiri.
7. Kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzekuchengetedza, kugadzirisa nekutengesa matapiri kubva kuvarimi vemuno vekurima.
Kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzekushandisa kunowedzera zvakanyanya kukwikwidza kwembatatisi dzevagadziri vekurima vemuno.
8. Targeted contract kosi yenyanzvi.
Saratov State Agrarian University ichaita yakanangwa kontrakiti kudzidziswa kwehunyanzvi hwekurima mbatatisi. Izvo zvinokwanisika kudzidzisa rakakosha boka remasters munzira ye "Mbatatisi inokura".
9. Kudzidziswa kwepamberi kwevanyanzvi vemasangano ezvekurima nemisoro yeK (F) X inobata mukugadzira mbatatisi.
Chirongwa ichi chinopa iko kusimudzira kwehunyanzvi kwevarimi vembatatisi pamakosi akarongwa pahwaro hwenzvimbo yekudzidzira kuSaratov State Agrarian University inonzi N.I. Vavilov "pamwechete nedunhu ICS.
Munguva yekukura kwembatatisi, zvakarongerwa kuitisa nhepfenyuro yemisangano yesainzi uye inoshanda pahwaro hwemapurazi anotungamira ematunhu mudunhu, anoitirwa zvese kudzidziswa uye kuchinjana ruzivo pakati pevatori vechikamu zvezviitiko. Mukati megadziriro yegore negore yekuratidzira-kuratidzira "Zuva reMunda", misoro uye nyanzvi dzeindasitiri inokura indasitiri ichaita tsika yekujairana nemhando dzazvino dzemuchina wekurima uye maturusi uye marudzi anovimbisa embatatisi.