Muchikamu chino, tagara tichigovana ruzivo rwekuti mbatatisi iri kukura sei munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeRussia. Asi kutanga muna 2020, takasarudza kupfuura zvakajairwa miganhu mupfungwa dzese: muchikamu chekupedzisira chegore rapfuura takataura nezve budiriro yeindasitiri yembatatisi muKazakhstan, uye yekutanga 2021 yakatsaurirwa kuBelarus.
Belarus inodaidzwa kunzi nyika yembatatisi. Iyo ndeimwe yemakumi maviri evagadziri vakakura munyika (panzvimbo yechigumi neimwe) uye ndiye mutungamiri muhuwandu hwechigadzirwa chakagadzirwa nemunhu: maererano neIndexBox, muna 11 pakanga paine 2019 kilogiramu yembatatisi pamunhu. Huwandu hwepamusoro hwekushandisa hwakanyorwawo pano: 591 kg yembatatisi pagore kune mumwe nemumwe mugari wenyika.
Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, ruzivo rwakawedzera kuoneka mumapepanhau kuti nzvimbo yekukura chigadzirwa chenyika muBelarus iri kuderedzwa. Takakukumbira kuti utiudze kana izvi zviri izvo chaizvo, uye kuti ndeapi matambudziko akatarisana neindasitiri nhasi uye kuti ndeapi mabasa ainoisa pachayo. Vadim Makhanko, Mukuru Mukuru weScientific and Practical Center yeNational Academy of Sciences yeBelarus yePotato uye Fruit uye Vegetable Kukura.
Nzvimbo dziri kudzikira, goho riri kuwedzera
Huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakagoverwa kurima mbatatisi muBelarus huri kuderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Maitiro aya anoonekwa zviri nyore munharaunda yeruzhinji (mabhizimusi makuru ezvekurima). Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuwedzera kubereka. Vagadziri, vane mutengo wakafanana pahekita - nekuda kweruzivo rwemichina uye kuwedzera kunaka kwembeu - vanowana huwandu hwakafanana hwegoho guru.
Muchikamu chemapurazi ekutengeserana, muvhareji wegoho mu republic iri pedyo ne30 t / ha. Mapurazi akanakisa ave achiratidzira mhedzisiro ye50-70 t/ha kwemakore akati wandei akatevedzana, kana akakurira munzvimbo dzakakura zvakakwana uye pasina kudiridza.
Asi pane zvimwe zvinhu zvinopesvedzera kukura kwekugadzirwa kwembatatisi. Imwe yacho idambudziko rekushambadzira zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa. Pakutanga, huwandu hwechirimwa hwaipihwa kuRussian Federation, asi mumakore maviri apfuura kudiwa kweBelarusian ware mbatatisi ikoko kwadonha zvakanyanya. Iyi ndiyo data yechinangwa, iyo inosimbiswa nezvose zviri zviviri zvetsika sevhisi yeRussian Federation uye Chamber of Commerce yeRepublic of Belarus, iyo inonyoresa zvese zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana kunze kwenyika. Mapurazi akawanda akazvimirira oga aifanira kuzvigadzirisa pakushanda nezvirimwa zviri kudiwa zvakanyanya pamusika.
Mbatatisi shoma dzakatanga kurimwa mumapurazi ega (uye maererano nehuwandu, 80% yembatatisi muBelarus inogadzirwa mumapurazi emhuri). Vanhu vakarega kudyara mbatatisi vachitengesa nekuti zvakazonetsa kudzitengesa. Kare, rori yaiuya kumusha, uye vatengi vaizotora huwandu hwese huripo hwezvigadzirwa: kubva kune imwe yadhi - tani, kubva kune imwe - shanu, kubva kune chetatu - gumi. Iye zvino vatengi vehohosesi vanoda kugashira zvinosvika makumi maviri matani emhando imwe chete uye mhando imwechete.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekumusha
Anosvika 65-70%, uye mune mamwe makore kunyange 75%, yenzvimbo yakagoverwa nemapurazi makuru ekugadzira mbatatisi munyika inogarwa nemhando dzeBelarusian.
Inonyanya kufarirwa: Breeze, Scarb, Zhuravinka, Manifesto, Ragneda. Pazvakabudirira zvekune dzimwe nyika, nzvimbo dzepamusoro pegumi dzinogarwa naGala, Red Scarlett, naMambokadzi Anne.
Vagadziri veBelarusian zvechokwadi vanofarira marudzi eEurope. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nezvinodiwa nevatengesi kana kugadzira zvidyarwa. Avo nevamwe vamiriri vebhizinesi repasirese, sekutonga, vane yavo mazita emhando dzakakurudzirwa mbatatisi, dzakajairika kune yese network network.
Zvishoma, zvakabatana nechishuvo chekuedza kugona kwevatungamiriri venyika mumamiriro avo ezvinhu. Ngatisakanganwe kuti chikamu cheBelarusian chehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuberekesa masimba makuru ekukura mbatatisi inenge 1%. Zvakaoma kukwikwidza mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai.
Kuvandudzwa kwekusarudzwa kweBelarusian uye kugadzirwa kwembeu kunofambiswa zvakanyanya nerutsigiro rwehurumende. Varimi vanopihwa rubatsiro rwekutenga mbeu dzemhando yepamusoro kubva kuvarimi vemudzimba, uye huwandu hwekubhadhara hwakawedzera nguva pfupi yadarika.
Saka, mwaka wapfuura rubatsiro rwaive 50% yemutengo. Uye izvi zvisinei nekuti mavhoriyamu ese emhando dzeBelarusian mbatatisi dze "elite" uye "super-super elite" zvikamu zvinotengeswa munyika nemitengo yakatarwa, iyo inotarwa neBazi rezvekurima uye Chikafu (semutemo, ivo vanotengeswa nemitengo yakasarudzika. vane 20 kana kunyange 30 muzana yakaderera pane imwe yemusika). Muna 2020, mari yekirogiramu ye "elite", maererano nechisarudzo chedhipatimendi, yaiva 55 kopecks (anenge 14 Russian rubles), asi mugadziri wekurima akabhadhara 27 kopecks chete.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza zvakasiyana-siyana: hutano hwemhando yembeu, kunyange pano ini ndingadai ndisingaiti misiyano yakaoma: vose varimi veBelarusian neEurope varimi vane chimwe chinhu chekushanda.
Zvatinowana kazhinji zvakaoma kuenzanisa neEurope, iyo yekutanga data yakasiyana zvakanyanya: muna 1943, apo Belarus yakasunungurwa kubva kuNazi, hupfumi hwose hwenyika hwakaparadzwa zvachose. Uye muHolland panguva ino, hupenyu hwesainzi hauna kumira; iyo yakakurumbira Desiree mbatatisi yakasiyana-siyana yakagadzirwa.
Ipapo kwakauya ma90, ayo mukuparadza kwavo muindasitiri yembeu yakanga isiri pasi pehondo. Takarasikirwa nevashandi, midziyo, zvivakwa. Hazvisati zvave kukwanisa kudzoreredza kugadzirwa kwembeu yezvimwe zvirimwa zvemuriwo.
Paimbova ne43 micropropagation marabhoritari muBelarus, ikozvino hapana anopfuura gumi nemaviri. Ehe, aya akakurisa zvivakwa zvechizvino-zvino, asi mavhoriyamu ekare ekugadzira haasisipo.
Chokwadi, mamiriro acho ezvinhu ari kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma. Pamusoro penzvimbo yedu, basa rekugadzira mbeu yembatatisi rinoitwa nemapurazi ane hunyanzvi; mudunhu rega rega mune zviteshi zvekuyedza, kusanganisira kugadzirwa kwemaminitubers muhuwandu hwakakura.
100% yekutanga tuber chizvarwa inokura mumamiriro evhu akachengetedzwa, mune greenhouses ine chikamu chinodzorwa microclimate.
Handikwanise kutaura kuti zvese zvakanaka muindasitiri nhasi, uye tasvika pakakwirira cosmic. Matambudziko anomuka, asi tiri kuyedza kupa mhodzi dzemhando yepamusoro kuvagadziri vedu uye nekutumira mavhoriyamu anodiwa ekutengesa kunze.
Kutengeswa kunze kwembeu mbatatisi
Musika wakakosha wembeu dzeBelarusian mbatatisi iRussia. Hwaro hwekutengesa kunze kune marudzi mana (maererano nedata remakore matatu apfuura): Briz, Skarb, Manifest neZhuravinka.
Ndinoda chaizvo kupa vatengi vekuRussia zvigadzirwa zvitsva kubva pakusarudza kwedu, asi zvinosuruvarisa, isu hatigone kuita izvi: kwemakore mana ikozvino hatina kuendesa mhando dzekuongororwa kwakasiyana; kune vamiriri vekunze nzira iyi yakabhadharwa uye inodhura zvakanyanya.
Pamusoro peRussia, Belarus inopa mbeu mbatatisi kuKazakhstan. Nyika ino parizvino yakasiya rejista; chero mhando dzinogona kutengwa kunze kwenyika, chinhu chikuru ndechekuti mbatatisi inosangana nezvinodiwa zvemhando. Isu tinopa mavhoriyamu madiki kuGeorgia neUzbekistan (makore maviri apfuura).
Kugadzirisa: kune marudzi, kunewo matambudziko
Nhasi kune vanenge gumi vanogadzira starch vari kushanda muBelarus. Mafekitari maviri akashongedzerwa nemidziyo yeChinese, imwe ndeyeSwedish, imwe yese inoshandisa mitsetse yekare yeSoviet. Zvakadaro, vanoburitsa huwandu hwesitachi hunodiwa nenyika. Sezvo mutemo, starch yakagadziridzwa chete inotengwa kune mamwe maindasitiri (kemikari, mishonga, nezvimwewo) mumabhuku maduku.
Chimhingamupinyi chikuru chinotadzisa kusimukira kweindasitiri kushaikwa kwemhando yezvigadzirwa.
Rega ndicherechedze ipapo: muBelarus kune yakaringana kusarudzwa kwemhando dzekugadzira starch. Munguva yeSoviet nguva, iyo republic yaive nenzvimbo yekuberekesa yainyanya kugadzira mhando dzestarch; ine ruzivo rwakakosha. Uyezve, mhando dzedu dzine zvakanakira kune dzekunze: mutsara wedu unosanganisira sarudzo kubva pakati-ekutanga kusvika pakati-kunonoka, nepo huwandu hwemhando dzeEuropean starch dzakanonoka-kunonoka, zvinoreva kuti hadzina kunyatsoenderana nemamiriro ekunze edu. Pasinei nenyaya yekuti misoro yeBelarus neGermany iri padhuze nekufanana, mwaka wekukura mudunhu reBerlin uchiri nemwedzi miviri yakareba. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzakanonoka hadzina kunaka kubva pamaonero ehupfumi: dzinoda kuwedzera madosi enitrogen feteraiza (nekuda kwemwaka wekukura wakareba) uye huwandu hwemishonga yekurwisa kunonoka blight.
Zvakadaro, kuti varimi vezvekurima vafarire kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvemafekitori estarch, marudzi ega haakwani, mutengo uyo mafekitari anoda kugamuchira zvinhu izvi mbishi wakakosha. Parizvino, ndezvekuti chero nguva (nekuwedzera kwemusika kudiwa), varimi vane zvibvumirano nemabhizinesi ekugadzirisa vanotengesa chigadzirwa chavo chepamusoro-starch kuzvitoro kana kutengeswa kunze kwenyika sechikafu chetafura.
Kambani yeBelarusian snack company Onega + yanga ichiedza kugadzirisa dambudziko rekushomeka kwezvinhu zvemhando yepamusoro zvemhando yepamusoro kwemakore akati wandei, rimwe remabasa avo kugadzirwa kwemachipisi kubva mbatatisi mbishi. Padanho rekutanga kugadzirwa, vakabva vatanga kushanda nevarimi vezvekurima pachibvumirano: vakatenga mbeu dzemapurazi uye vakavabatsira kugona tekinoroji. Izvo zvanga zvisingagoneke kukurumidza kuwana chigadzirwa chemhando yaidiwa, nyaya dzekusangana kwemazuva ekupedzisira uye mavhoriyamu ekutumira zvakazonetsawo, asi chirimwa hachina kurasikirwa netariro yekuwana mutengesi akakodzera. Nenzira, munguva pfupi iri kutevera Onega + inoronga kutanga kushandisa maviri emhando dzedu dzembatatisi pakugadzira machipisi: Zhuravinka naNara, vese vakaratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka panguva yekuyedzwa.
PaTolochin cannery, uko musangano wekugadzirwa kweFrench fries uri kugadzirirwa kutanga (yekutanga bhizinesi rekugadzirwa kweFrench fries muBelarus), vanoronga kurima zvigadzirwa pachavo. Nzvimbo dzedu pachedu (mahekita 1000), ruzivo rwakakura mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzembatatisi, uye kuvapo kwevashandi (agronomists, vanogadzira muchina, nyanzvi dzekuchengeta) zvinotitendera kumisa kugadzirwa. Yakarongwa kushandisa mbatatisi yeBelarusian yakasiyana-siyana Lel sechinhu chakasvibirira, kunyange ichigere kuedzwa: mutsara hausati watangwa, uye basa rekutumira, sezvinodiwa nechibvumirano nemugadziri, richaitwa pamwe chete. mhando dzeEuropean sarudzo.
Sarudzo itsva
Tichapa mazwi mashomanana kune zvichangobva kubudirira zveBelarusian kusarudzwa. Vagadziri vedu vembatatisi vekutanga vakafarira mhando dzekutanga Pershatsvet. Kusanganisira, mupfungwa chaiyo yezvakataurwa: mbatatisi - zvichienzaniswa nemamwe marudzi mazhinji enguva imwechete yekuibva, inomira kunze kwekunaka kwavo kwakanaka. Tsvuku-tuberous, chimiro: kubva kumativi kusvika kumativi-oval.
Imwe mhando yepamusoro-yekutanga inosanganisirwa murejista gore rino Julia.
Miedzo pamhando yepakati pekutanga iri kupera Tenzi (kubva kuna bel. master - artist). Hunhu hwayo hunodzivirira kuzvirwere zvehutachiona (X uye Y), kupikisa kwakanyanya kune boka remavhairasi emosaic. Mamwe mabhonasi: goho rakawanda, kuravira kwakanaka, kukodzera kwekuchengetedza kwenguva refu.
Ndinodawo kutaura chimwe chinhu pamusoro pemhando yepakati pekupedzisira Nara. Uku ndiko kudada kwevafudzi veBelarusian, sezvo kuravira kwembatatisi kwakafanana neyakajairwa kuravira kwedu kwekare uye inodiwa kwazvo Lasunok akasiyana. Imwe mukana wezvakasiyana-siyana ndeyekuti yakanyatsokodzera kugadzirwa kwemachipisi uye mbatatisi yakaoma.
Muzinda - itsva tsvuku-tuberous yakasiyana-siyana, zvakare inofadza zvikuru.
Aya ndiwo marudzi makuru atinoda kupa munguva pfupi iri kutevera yekuongororwa kwakasiyana muRussian Federation.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze
Tinonzwa kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze zvakasimba. Nyanzvi dzedu dzakanyora kuratidzwa kwezvirwere zvitsva zve30 muminda yeBelarusian, kupararira kwaimbove kwakadziviswa nehuwandu husina kukwana hwekushisa kwakanaka. Zvirwere zvose izvi zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye zvinopinda munyika, sekutonga, nembeu (kwete chete mbatatisi).
Kudziya kwakonzera kukura kwakanyanya kwefungi ye genus Pythium, zvichikonzera ronda remvura kuora. Ikozvino kurasikirwa kubva kwairi muBelarus kwakakura kupfuura kubva kunonoka blight. Zvechokwadi, iyi idambudziko rinokonzerwa nekuoma kwezvikonzero, asi kupisa ndeimwe yezvinonyanya kukosha.
Izvo zvave zvakanyanya kuoma kurwisa vatakuri vezvirwere zvehutachiona: hove, leafhoppers - ivo vese vanoshivirira kukwira kwekushisa zvakanaka.
Mukuwedzera, kusanaya kwemvura kwave kuchiitika kakawanda murepublic. Uye gore rakapera pakanga pane dambudziko remamiriro ekunze. Zvose zvakatanga nekudziya kwakasimba: musi waApril 26, munharaunda yeMinsk, kutonhora kwevhu pakudzika kwekudyara kwakasvika +10..14 degrees. Mbatatisi dzakasimwa, uye chaizvoizvo kutanga kwaMay kupisa kwakanyangarika, kutonhora kwevhu pakudzika kwekudyara kwakadonha kusvika +2..4 degrees. Kutonhora kwakadaro uye kwenguva refu kutonhora muna Chivabvu hakuna kumboitika munguva yakapfuura. Mwaka wekukura wakanonoka neinopfuura mwedzi. Hapana imwe yemishonga yakanakisisa yerhizoctoniosis yakadzora chirwere.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kumanikidza varimi vakuru vembatatisi kuti vafunge nezve kuunza michina yekudiridza, nerubatsiro rwazvinogoneka kuronga zvese huwandu hwekuunganidza zvirimwa uye kunaka kwayo.
Nhasi, mapurazi mashoma chete anogona kukwanisa kurima mbatatisi nekudiridza: inodhura zvakanyanya, uye nekuwedzera, iyo republic mumatunhu akati wandei haina kupfuma zvakanyanya muzviwanikwa zvemvura; panguva yekusanaya kwemvura, kunyangwe migero yekudzorera inopera.
Zvinosuruvarisa, iyo Soviet land reclamation system yakaparadzwa kare, uye nyika iri kungotora matanho ekutanga kuvaka imwe itsva.