Nematoda ndiye muvengi wemurimi wembatata "pamusoro payo pausingataure." Hapana anokurukura kufungirana pamusoro pekusvibisa kunogona kuitika kuminda yavo kana nzira dzakabudirira dzekurwa.
Hapana anokurukura kufungirana pamusoro pehutachiona hunogona kuitika kuminda yavo kana nzira dzakabudirira dzekubata nechipembenene mudenderedzwa rehunyanzvi, nevavakidzani papurazi. Zvichida ichi ndicho chikonzero nei musoro wenyaya nemunhu wese inova inowedzera uye yakakosha pamusoro pegore. Vapepeti vemagazini vakasarudza kupa kugadzirisa mamiriro azvino nekusimbisa zvakanyanya zvakakosha, mumaonero edu, zvikamu zveiyo nyaya.
Takabvunza mumwe wevatungamiriri veRussia mumunda we phytoparasitology - mukuru weLabhoritari yePhytoparasitology kuCentre for Parasitology yeInstitute of Ecology uye Evolution Matambudziko eInstitute of Ecology uye Evolution ... AN Severtsov RAS, Musoro weLabhoritari yeDhignostics yePhytopathogenic Zvisikwa zveAll-Russian Research Institute yePhytopathology Mikhail Pridannikov.
Imwe ye 30 zviuru zvemarudzi
Kana zvasvika kune nematode, kutanga pane zvese zvinodikanwa kujekesa kuti ndeapi rudzi rweaya makonye anotenderera ayo hurukuro iri pamusoro payo. Parizvino, sainzi inoziva zvinopfuura zviuru makumi matatu zvemarudzi ehutachiona uye emahara-kurarama nematodes, nepo nyanzvi dzichifungidzira kuti muchokwadi pane dzinenge miriyoni.
Nekudaro, iyo nharaunda yehunyanzvi yevarimi vembatatisi inongofarira chete kune avo vanokwanisa kurarama pamapatata uye vanokonzeresa kukuvara kukuru kune chirimwa. Iyi yakachenuruka mbatatisi nematode (lat. Globodera pallida),
Goridhe mbatatisi nematode (lat. Globalbodera rostochiensis) uye Stem (tuber) nematode (lat. Ditylenchus muparadzi). Iyo mbatatisi yakachenuruka nematode chinhu chekuvharirwa kwekunze; hapana dhata pamusoro pekuonekwa kwayo munharaunda yeRussia haisati yanyorwa.
Asi usakanganwa kuti ingangoita yese nzvimbo ino inogarwa nemapindu akazvimirira kana mapurazi madiki evarimi (anosvika zana mahekita). Kune vagadziri vakuru vekurima Globalbodera rostochiensis haina ngozi yakakomba, kana chipembenene chikawanikwa mune imwe yeminda, nzvimbo ino inogona kusiyaniswa nekutenderera kwezvirimwa pasina kukuvara kukuru kubhizinesi.
Kutyisidzira kukuru kunoitwa nehunde nematode. Kune makuru mabhizimusi ekurima Ditylenchus muparadzi nhasi rinova dambudziko nhamba 1.
ZVISINGAONEKWI UYE ZVINOTYISA
Dzinde nematode rinokanganisa tubers uye nepasi pevhu peganda rembatatisi. Pachikamu chevhu, zviratidzo zvechirwere hazviratidzwe zvakajeka, saka, hazvigoneke kuziva hutachiona neDitylenchus "neziso". Panguva imwecheteyo, zviratidzo zvepamutemo zvekukuvara pane tubers (zvinyoronyoro nzvimbo dzine rima) zvinogona kuvhiringidzika nyore nyore nezviratidzo zvefungal kana bacterial rot. Kunyangwe nyanzvi dzinogona kutaura nechivimbo pamusoro pekuvapo kweditylenchus chete mushure mekuita yakakosha ongororo. Asi kune mamwe matambudziko pano futi. Kazhinji, zvakakanganisika tubers uye / kana ivhu sampuli zvinoendeswa kune rabhoritari. Kazhinji pane zviitiko apo nematode inowanikwa mune aya masampukisi pasi pe microscope (sezvambotaurwa, huwandu hwemhando dzeiyi microscopic honye inopfuura zviuru makumi matatu), asi isu hatisi kugara tichitaura nezve ditylenchus inokuvadza.
KUNO Nhoroondo YENYAYA
Iyo stem nematode haisi muenzi mutsva munyika dzeRussia, chipembenene chakaonekwa munyika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX. Munguva yeSoviet nguva, kupararira kwechipembenene kwaitongwa nehutano hwepytosanitary. Ipapo nezve dambudziko kukanganwa kwechinguva.
Yekutanga inodaidzira kune phytoparasitology laboratory ye Takatanga kurekodha nezve ditylench muna 2014-15.
Kushaikwa kwekutarisa kune nematode anokwanisa blaGore rakamunakira rekuti aparadze kusvika ku80% yezvirimwa inogona kutsanangurwa zviri nyore: hazvisi nyore kuona kuvepo kwayo mumunda.
Nehurombo, iyo nhanho yezvinodiwa zvevashandi vemarabhoritari akasiyana haisi kugara yakakwira, uye kuongororwa kwenhema hakuna kujairika mune aya mamiriro.
Ungadzivisa sei mamiriro aya? Kutanga, zvine basa rekusvika kuunganidzwa kwezvinhu zvekuongorora: kuunza kwete chete ivhu, asiwo kutsvaga masara emiti, zvikamu zvehuswa - zviri mavari iyo iyo nematode yakasarudzika kugadzirisa. Chechipiri, pakufungira kushoma kwechirwere, sampu dzinofanira kuendeswa kumarabhoritari akati wandei. Mari yekutsvagisa ichave mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu isingaenzaniswi nemutengo wekukanganisa.
NZVIMBO DZOKUDZIDZA
Hatina dhata chairo pamusoro pehupamhi hwehutachiona hwakapararira muRussia. Iyo stem nematode haisi yehuwandu hwezvinhu zvekuisa vanhu, saka, hapana munhu anoitisa kutsvagisa kwepakati (sezvazvakaita negoridhe mbatatisi nematode). Zvinoenderana nejogirafi yezvikumbiro kurabhoritari, ndinogona kuona kuti ditylenhoz inowanikwa munzvimbo dzese dziri pakati penyika. Inonyanya kunetsa ndedunhu reNizhny Novgorod neBryansk.
Pamusoro peUral, zviitiko zvehutachiona zvakare zvakanyorwa, kunyangwe kusvika parizvino tiri kutaura nezvezvikamu zvakasarudzika.
Asi ngatirege kukanganwa kuti iyo stem nematode yakaoma kuziva, uye kana dambudziko rikawanikwa, haisi tsika kutaura nezvazvo.
KANA CHIPUKA CHAKAWANIKWA
Kazhinji kazhinji, denda rakakura rine dlenlenchoma rinowanikwa manheru kana kuti panguva yekukohwa. Chaizvoizvo kesi, pakasimwa kudyarwa muna Nyamavhuvhu, zvese zvaive zvakanaka, mushure memavhiki maviri kana matatu vakatanga kukohwa, uye hapana chakasara chembatatisi. Chipembenene chinozviratidza zvakanyanya pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanaka pachiri (ino inodziya mamiriro ekunze pasina kuchinja kamwe kamwe mukushisa, ivhu nyoro). Uye heino imwe pfungwa yakakosha: mapurazi mazhinji ava kushandura kuita kwekudiridza kwekunyepedzera, vanofanirwa kunyatso tarisa kuvapo kweditylenchus paminda yavo.
Huwandu hwekukuvara kupurazi zvakananga zvinoenderana nedanho rekukuvara kwezvirimwa
Zvese zvakaunganidzwa, murimi wekurima ane mvumo yekutengesa: mbatatisi dzakakanganiswa neDitylench hadzina kuparadzwa.
Asi sezvo mhando yezvigadzirwa zvakadaro yakadzikiswa, mitengo yazvo inofanira kudzikiswa. Chigadzirwa chakakanganiswa zvakanyanya chinotorwa nemafekitori ane starch
Mbeu mbatatisi dzinofanirwa kurongwa kanoverengeka isati yatengeswa. Uye zvechokwadi, iyo inogadzira ichafanirwa kudzikisa zvakanyanya iyo kirasi yezvinhu. Mune mbeu yematatisi ekirasi ye "Elite" (OS; ES; PP-1; SSE; SE; E), hutachiona neditylenchiasis haibvumirwe, uye mumbeu dzezvibereko zvekutanga nezvechipiri (PC1 nePC2), inosvika pa0,5% yehutachiona hutachiona anotenderwa maererano neGOST.
Isuwo tinoona kuti kuonekwa kwechipembenene hakurevi kuiswa kwezvirango zvepurazi. Asi iyo chaiyo hutachiona (kunyangwe kana chikamu chacho chisina kutsoropodza) chinofanirwa kunge chiri chiratidzo kune murimi kuti basa repapurazi rake harina kukwana uye kuti zvakafanira, zvirinani, kungwarira nezve sarudzo yevanopa mbeu yezvinhu (kazhinji stem nematode inopinzwa kunze nembeu) uye uve nechokwadi chekutarisa chese chakatumirwa kunze kwenyika.
Chinhu chekutanga chekuita usati watenga mbeu ndechekufunga nezvazvo. Ingogeza mabhakiti maviri embatatisi uye ongorora kuti ma tubers anotaridzika sei, angave anoafarira nechimiro. Zvakakosha kuita maitiro aya pamberi, mwedzi mumwe chete usati wadyara.
Mune kusahadzika kushoma, izvo zvinhu zvinofanirwa kutumirwa kunoongororwa. Kunyangwe iine chikamu chidiki chehutachiona ne ditylenkhoz, kudyara hakufanirwe kubvumidzwa, kuitira kuti gare gare vasarwire kuchena kwenyika yavo kwemakore mashanu kusvika mashanu, vachigara vachichengeta dambudziko.
NZIRA DZOKUKWikwidza
Kurwisana nemhando ipi neipi yezvipembenene nematode inoda kukura kwehuwandu hwese hwezviyero, uchifunga nezvehunhu hwese hweimwe purazi. Uye iwe unogara uchida kutanga nekuvaka kutenderera kwezvirimwa. Ini ndichaita reservation ipapo ipapo kuti zvakanyanya kunetsa kusarudza inodiwa runyorwa rwetsika dzehutachiona neditylenchus pane hutachiona ne globoderosis. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti iyo yegoridhe mbatatisi nematode inodyisa chete matapiri. Kuti uzvibvise, usadyara chirimwa ichi munzvimbo dzine hutachiona kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana. Haisi netsaona kuti stem nematode inonzi muparadzi; inogona kurarama pamhando dzinosvika makumi mana dzemiti yakasimwa uye isingasviki zana ezvesango.
Tichifunga izvi, nyanzvi dzinokurudzira pakutanga kusiya nzvimbo dzakatapurwa neditylenchus isina kurimwa. Pasi pemamiriro emhepo yakachena, kuora kwezvose zvakasara zvemiti kunoitika, uye huwandu hwezvipembenene hunodzikira zvakanyanya. Zvakare, ditylench haifarire zvirimwa zvezviyo, inowanda zvisingaite mavari. Sega, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa nezvekushandiswa kwevafi. Kubva pane runyorwa rweizvi zvirimwa, vakwikwidzi vakakodzera vanogona kusarudzwa kuti vaiswe mukutenderera. Tora semasitadhi, semuenzaniso.
Mushure mekurima, simiti inoora muvhu, ichiburitsa zvinhu zvakakuvadza nematode. Asi kuitira kuti simiti izadzise basa rayo, zvinodikanwa kuirima panguva yakatarwa, pakusvika chikamu chakanakisa chebudiriro. Vanhu vazhinji vanosarudza kumirira kuti mhodzi dzioneke, uye ipapo chete tobata neakasara girini mashoma. Nekuda kweizvozvo, varimi vekurima vari kuitisa yakanakisa chiyero chekuvandudza chimiro chevhu, asi haina zvazvinoita pamatode, nekuti zvinhu zvese zvinoshanda zvinopinda mumhodzi.
Mukurwisa ditylenchus (uye chero imwe phytopathogens), hutsanana hwekugadzira hwakakoshawo zvikuru. Izvo zvinodikanwa kugara uchibvisa zvakakwana tsvina yakasara pane michina - pamachina ese anoshanda muminda uye mumatura. Fungidzira kana akati wandei ditylenkhoz machubhu akazorwa, toti, patafura yekurongedza, ditylench ichagara pabato rese rinotevera ipapo. Uye zviri nyore kwazvo kudzivirira hutachiona hukuru - ingogeza nzvimbo. Kunyangwe pasina kuwedzera fumigants, mvura yakajeka inobvisa 99,9% yedambudziko. Kutaura nezvehutsanana, zvakakosha kuti utarise kune yakaoma nyaya yekurasa zvigadzirwa zvakaora.
Ndekupi chigadzirwa chakaparadzwa chinowanzoraswa? Kumupata uri padyo kana mugero padyo padyo nevhavha. Kubva ipapo, zvese zvirwere nezvipukanana (kusanganisira nematodes) zvakasara pane izvi tubers zvinotamisirwa nyore kune goho rine hutano. Muenzaniso unonyanya kushamisa kana mvura yemupata ichiyerera ichipinda mudziva remuno, iro purazi rinotora mvura yekudiridza.
MITAMBO ASI YEMAZWI
Mumakarogu emazuva ano emakambani ekuberekesa uye embeu, mhando dzakanyatsopokana nematodes dzinenge dziripo. Izvo zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa kuti mune ino kesi isu tiri kungotaura nezve kuramba kwegoridhe uye yakachenuruka nematode, nekuti yakatemwa genetiki. Iko hakuna kungoita kusagadzikana kwemajini kune ditylench. Uyu muparadzi.
Kunyangwe kutaura kuti chipembenene chinoona ese marudzi embatatisi zvakaenzana zvakare zvakaipa. Vanotsvagurudza vanosiyanisa pakati peyakaomarara (isina kukanganisika, iine huturu hwekusvika ku10%) uye mhando dzakakanganiswa zvakanyanya (kunyanya idzo dzinogadziriswa)
Asi zvakanyanyisa kukurumidza kuumbiridza kuenderana. Masainzi anoshanda pamusoro wenyaya uyu unoonekwa nguva nenguva unonyanya kuratidza zvakamanikana kuti ditylenhoz inopararira sei pane mamwe marudzi, mune mamwe mamiriro ekunze, nehumwe hutachiona hutachiona. Mhando dzakasiyana dzinozozvibata, asi pane tembiricha dzakasiyana uye nechero hutachiona hutachiona, unoramba uri mubvunzo.
KUDZIMAI NOKUDZIVIRIRA
Parizvino, nematicide imwe chete inobvumidzwa kushandiswa muRussia - Vidat 5G. Mune ramangwana, panofanira kunge paine akawanda acho: kune akadai madhiragi mumapotifoti evose vanogadzira zvigadzirwa zvezvirimwa, uye izvozvi zvinonetsa zviri kuita nhamburiko dzese kukurumidza kunyoresa.
Kana zviri zvezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu, mumaonero angu, zvichiri kushanda pakurwisa ditylench, uye senge biologist ini ndinofungidzira nezve tarisiro yavo. Vagadziri vane mazano anonakidza, asi zvakadaro hazvigoneke kukunda epiphytotic hutachiona ne "biology".
Ngatitorei fananidzo: munhu anorapa chirwere chakakomba nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, obva anwa mavitamini kuchengetedza hutachiona hwakawanda Zvakare apa: kemesitiri inodiwa kudzikisa huwandu hwehutachiona husingaite kusvika padiki, uye ipapo chete ndipo paunogona kushandisa "biology" kuchengetedza hutano hwevhu.
PROSPECTS
Parizvino, ditylenkhoz inogona kunzi chinetso chakakomba kuRussia, asi zvakadaro haisi njodzi. Nedzimwe nhamburiko, purazi rega rega rinokwanisa kuendesa chipembenene muchimiro kana chave muvhu, asi hachigone kukuvadza chirimwa.
Uye mune ramangwana rinotaridzika, ndinofunga tichauya kumitemo imwechete inoshandiswa nhasi muEurope. MuHolland, semuenzaniso, minda yese yemapurazi nemabhizinesi anogadzira mbatatisi yekugadzirisa anodikanwa kuti aise nematicides muvhu, zvisinei kuti nematode yakawanikwa munzvimbo yavo kana kwete. Naizvozvo, nematode aripo mune dzimwe nzvimbo, asi muhuwandu kana ichigona kukanganikwa.
Ngatirangarirei: kamwechete kunonoka kusvibisa kwakaparadza zvirimwa munyika dzese, zvichikonzera nzara, asi ivo vakadzidza kurwisana nazvo nekugadzira maitiro ekugadzirisa chirongwa Zvinenge zvakafanana zvichave zvechokwadi kune ditylenkh. Izvi zvingasaitika munguva pfupi, asi hapana imwe nzira.