Kana uchirima zvirimwa zvakasiyana, kuwedzera kune nzira dzeagrotechnical, idzo dzinoramba dziri huru mukudzora masora, zvinonetsa kuita pasina kushandisa mishonga yesora. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha kuti urangarire kuti kuva nebasa rakakura rezvipenyu, mishonga yesora inoda nzira yehunyanzvi zvikuru kana uchiishandisa.
Valentina Demidova, muongorori weFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, mukwikwidzi wesainzi sainzi;
Maria Kuznetsova, Musoro weDhipatimendi reMbatatisi nemiriwo Zvirimwa Zvirwere zveFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Anodaidzwa nezveBiological Sayenzi
Mumakore achangopfuura, mumatunhu akasiyana siyana eRussia, pakave nezviitiko zvakawanda apo kukuvara kunobva mukushandiswa kwemishonga yesora nekuda kwehuturu hwayo pane chirimwa chakachengetedzwa kubva kumasora chakapfuura bhenefiti. Mhedzisiro yemushonga wekuuraya sora ndiyo mhedzisiro yemasara emumiririri (uye ayo metabolites), anoshandiswa mumakore apfuura, pane mamiriro evhu, zvirimwa uye masora zvirimwa. Ngozi yemhedzisiro yekuuraya sora inonyanyotariswa nezvinhu zvitatu: kusimba kwekushambadzira, kudzikisira uye kutama (kufamba). Maitiro ezvinhu izvi anoenderana nevhu-mamiriro ekunze uye zvekurima mamiriro, mamiriro ekunze, pamwe nemidziyo yemushonga pachawo.
Mbatatisi yakasimwa mumapurazi makuru uye akasarudzika anotambura zvakanyanya zvakanyanya nekuda kweizvi.
Zvinokonzera toxicosis pamatatata:
- kuchengetedzwa muvhu remasara emishonga inouraya chepfu kune mbatatisi mushure mekuiswa kwavo pane goho rinotangira kutenderera kwezvirimwa;
- kutyorwa kwemitemo yekushandiswa kwe "mbatatisi" mishonga yesora (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, nezvimwewo);
- kushandiswa kwema sprayers nemasara emishonga inouraya mumatangi (chero bedzi mbatatisi inoziva kune izvi zvinhu);
- madonhwe emumhepo emishonga yesora panguva yekurapwa kweminda iri padyo.
Kazhinji kazhinji, iyo toxicosis inotsanangurwa mundima 2-4 inosanganisirwa nekusatevedzera mitemo nemazano ekushandisa.
Iko hakuna yakawanda yakawanda mishonga yesora iyo inoshandiswa panguva yekukura mwaka wembatatisi. Izvi zvinonyanya mishonga kubva kumapoka e triazines (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acids (MCAA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). Zvese izvi zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa zvinosarudzika uye hazvifanirwe kukuvadza zvirimwa zvembatatisi. Zvisinei, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, mbatatisi inosimbiswa. Izvi zvinogona kuve mamiriro ekunze, kunzwisiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana, kutyorwa kwemitemo yekushandisa, kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro, nezvimwe.
Zviratidzo zvinoenderana nekirasi yezvinhu zvinoshanda. Metribuzin inokonzeresa kutsva uye inodzivirira kukura kwezvirimwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kutaurwa pamhando dzakasiyana kana kana zvikaiswa mumamiriro ekunze akaoma pamwe nekunaya kwemvura zvakanyanya (Fig. 1).
Rimsulfuron inogona kukonzera yero kana kupenga kwemashizha madiki emazamu. Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvakafanana nekuratidzwa kwehutachiona hutachiona. Neichi chikonzero, kushandiswa kwayo pambeu mbatatisi hakudi.
Zvirimwa zvembatatisi zvinonyatsotarisana nemishonga yesora, kusanganisira iya inoshandiswa mukutenderera kwezvirimwa pane zvimwe zvirimwa. Inotyisa kwazvo kumatapiri mishonga yesora inoshandiswa pachirimwa chekare kubva kuboka 2 (acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) neboka rechina (synthetic auxins).
Boka 2 mishonga yesora inosanganisira yakawanda inoshandiswa sulfonylureas (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, nezvimwewo), pamwe ne imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, nezvimwewo). Maitiro avo akashata pamatatata ane chekuita neshanduko mune mamwe maamino acids. Sulfonylurea masara pasi pemamwe mamiriro anogona kuenderera muvhu uye kukuvadza mbatatisi kwenguva yakareba mushure mekushandisa. Mamwe imidazolinones anowanikwa muvhu kwemakore akati wandei. Kuratidzwa kwehuturu hweboka iri remishonga yesora pamatatata misoro zvakasiyana uye zvinoenderana nemhando dzakasiyana dzemiti. Kazhinji kazhinji, endochlorosis (kana yero yetsvo yemashizha), kuunyana (kana mosaic) uye, sekutonga, kudzora kwekukura kunoonekwa (Fig. 2). Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvakafanana nekuratidzwa kwehutachiona hutachiona. Ndicho chikonzero ichi kuti kune ivhu rine zvisaririra zvemishonga yesora, zvese kuchenesa pamwe nekugonesa kweminda inoitwa mukugadzirwa kwembeu mbatatisi zvakaoma.
Zviratidzo zvekukuvara kwehutachiona neiyi mishonga inouraya sora inogona kusiyana, asi chakanyanya kuwanda ndeyekutsemura kwenguva refu (kazhinji kakaita senge nyeredzi) uye makondoni-akafanana nekukura kana ma tubers ari popcorn-akafanana (Mufananidzo 3,4).
Boka rechina mishonga yesora inosanganisira zvigadzirwa zve phenoxyacetic, benzoic uye pyridinic acids. Izvo zvisingapfuurire (kureva kuti -refu-kwenguva) yeavo phenoxyacetic acid zvigadzirwa (4-D). Ngozi yekukuvara kwembatatisi ne benzoic (dicamba) uye picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) acid zvigadzirwa zvakawedzera. Nekudaro, pakuratidzwa kwezviratidzo zvehuturu hunokanganisa mbatatisi, kuvepo kweclopyralid muvhu kwakakwanira muyero yakaenzana ne2,4% yeiyo chiyero chekushandisa mugore rapfuura pane chirimwa chezviyo chakapfuura, uye pazero re0,07%, kuderera kukuru kwegoho rechirimwa chakaomarara kwakatoonekwa.
Kusiyana nesulphonylureas uye imidazolinones, kukuvara kunooneka kumatatata nedicamba, clopyralid, uye picloram kunoonekwa chete pachikamu chepamusoro. Zvirimwa, semhedzisiro yekushomeka kwemashizha mashizha, anova akafanana nefern michero (Fig. 5). Iyi mishonga yesora inokanganisa kumisikidzwa uye kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzekukura (maziso) mumwanasikana tubers. Naizvozvo, mugore rekudyara mbatatisi muvhu yakasvibiswa nemarara emishonga iyi, kazhinji misoro yakatarisika uye tubers zvinoumbwa, asi vane chirongwa chakaputsika chekuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzekukura. Zviratidzo zvepamusoro zvinoonekwa mugore rinotevera, apo mahubu akadaro anoshandiswa sekudyara zvinhu. Kana tichiita hutachiona hwehutachiona hwekudyarwa kwembatatisi, isu tinosvika gore rega rega tinosangana nemiti nezviratidzo zviri pamusoro munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeRussia.
Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha zvikuru kusiyanisa kuratidzwa kweherbicidal toxicosis kubva kune zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvinotapukira. Musiyano mukuru pakati pemishonga inouraya hutachiona uye kuratidzwa kwechirwere chero chipi zvacho kuratidzwa kukuru kwezviratidzo zvekukuvara mumunda wese kana munzvimbo, munzvimbo, asi kwete pamiti yega yega.
Kana uchironga kudyara mbatatisi, zvinodikanwa kuti utarise zvakasara zvinokonzeresa mishonga yesora yakaiswa mumwaka wapfuura. Chiyero chekuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda zvemushonga wesora muvhu zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda: huwandu hwemushonga wakashandiswa, mamiriro emwaka (tembiricha, hunyoro hwevhu), rudzi rwevhu, huwandu hwehutachiona, nezvimwe. Mamiriro akaomeswa mugore rekushandisa sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, dicamba, picloram uye clopyralid zvinowedzera njodzi dzezvasara zvavo muvhu uye kukuvara kwembatata mumwaka unotevera.
Naizvozvo, kana paine kukahadzika pamusoro pe "rucheno" rwemunda, usati wadyara mbatatisi, ivhu rinofanirwa kuongororwa masara emushonga wemushonga kana biotesting yevhu uchishandisa zvirimwa zvirimwa.
Nekudaro, mishonga yesora yakashandiswa kumatatata inogona zvakare kukanganisa maitiro pazvirimwa zvinotevera. Panyaya iyi, takaita ongororo dzinoverengeka, chinangwa chayo yaive yekuongorora huwandu hwehuturu hwehuswa hwakavakirwa pane metribuzin, inoshandiswa pamatatata, pane zvirimwa zvekubatwa chibharo, cucumber, oats, uye shuga beet.
Kutsunga kweiyo phytotoxicity yemetribuzin kwakaitwa mu2018 ne2019 pasi pemamiriro ekuyedzwa kwehuswa mukamuri yegreenhouse iri pasi pehutongi hwehydrothermal.
Seyedzo yekudyara, takashandisa shuga beet (v. Ramonskaya odnosemyannaya 9), oats (v. Argaman Elita), cucumber (v. Edinstvo), chibharo chematsutso (v. Ratnik). Zvirimwa zvakasimwa mumabhekeri 80 mm dhayamita ine huremu hwe600 cm3, izere nemasampuli evhu-podzolic ivhu rakatorwa.
Kumisikidza kuedza, ivhu masampuli akatorwa kubva mumunda umo mushonga wesora hauna kuiswa (control), uye kubva kune yekuyedza nzvimbo, uko mbatatisi dzairimwa uye iyo herbicide (avv metribuzin) yakaiswa pamutero we0,5 kg / ha. Mumakore ese ari maviri ekuyedzwa, masampuli akatorwa muchirimo, muna Kubvumbi, kubva pakadzika kwenzvimbo inokwenenzverwa yemasentimita 0-25 mune gumi akateedzana.
Mamiriro ekukura bvunzo miti: tembiricha yemhepo 250C (masikati) uye 200C (husiku); kudiridza ivhu kusvika pa60% yePV.
Iyo yekufananidza phytotoxicity yemasarudzo evhu akasarudzwa akonzerwa nemhedzisiro yeiyo herbicide yakaongororwa mazuva makumi maviri nemasere mushure mekudyara zvirimwa nemusiyano muhurefu uye huremu hweyedzo mbesa.
Zvinoenderana nezvakabuda muongororo, zvakaonekwa kuti pane masampuli evhu akaongororwa, kuvharirwa kwezvirimwa zvese zvekuyedza kwakaonekwa nenzira yekushomeka kwehunde, lag mukukura ichienzaniswa nekutonga (Fig. 6-9). Kureba kweoat zvirimwa mukutonga kwaive 25-35 cm, mune yakatsvaga kusiyaniswa 20-23 cm; shuga beet 15-20 cm (kutonga), mune bvunzo musiyano 10-13 cm; cucumber 16-22 cm (control), mune bvunzo akasiyana 11-14 cm; chitubu chibharo 12-14 cm (control), mune yakadzidzwa musiyano 10-12 cm.
Paavhareji, anopfuura makore maviri, kuderera kwehuremu hwekuyedza cucumber zvirimwa kudzora zvaive 2%; shuga beet - 70,8%; oats - 45,0%; kubatwa kwechirimo - 44,4% (Tafura 33,1).
Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvedu zvakaratidza kuti pane zvakashata zvinokonzeresa metribuzin inoshandiswa pamatatata pane akasiyana zvirimwa zvekurima: magaka, shuga beet, oats, kubatwa chibharo. Kuti uderedze kukanganisa kwezvirimwa zvakasiyana siyana zvekurima nemasaidhi emushonga muvhu, zvakafanira kuita hunyanzvi hwakawanda hwehunyanzvi:
- Isa zviyero zvakaringana zvemushonga wesora (mishonga yakasanganiswa kana musanganiswa wetangi une huwandu hushoma hwe "zvinogara kwenguva refu" zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa).
- Yakadzika gejo usati wadyara zvinomera zvinomera.
- Nyorera kutenderera kwezvirimwa izvo zvinoderedza njodzi yekukuvara kwesoraidhi kuzvirimwa.
- Shandisa zviratidziro zvirimwa (mbeu dzezvirimwa dzinonyanya kunetseka neiyi herbicide)
- for herbicides kubva kuboka 2 - acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (sulfonylureas uye imidazolinones) - shuga beet, rapeseed;
- yeboka 4 - synthetic auxins (phenoxy acid (2.4D, nezvimwewo), benzoic acid (dicamba), pyridic acid (clopyralid, picloram) - bhinzi, furakisi;
- yeboka 5 - metribuzin - cucumber, oats, shuga beet.
5. Ita kudyisa kwemashizha emiti yakakanganiswa nefetiraiza zvichibva paamino acids: semuenzaniso, Izabion, Aminokat, nezvimwe.