Kunyangwe kufambira mberi kwakakosha mukudzidza kwembatatisi kunonoka blight uye kuita matanho ekudzora zvichienderana neruzivo rwe phytopathogen, chirwere ichi chichiri kukonzera kukuvadzwa kukuru nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwezvirimwa uye mutengo wemishonga yemakemikari nezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa.
Chirwere ichi chinokonzerwa neoomycete Phytophthora infestans, inokanganisa mashizha, nhungirwa uye tubers.
Tubers inopinda mukuchengetedza kunyange nehuwandu hwehutachiwana hunowanzokonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwechigadzirwa. Iyo causative agent ye late blight inoramba ichishanda kunyange pakupisa kwe + 3 ° C. Kugadzirwa kwe phytopathogen pamusoro pemachubhu kunofambisa kupinda kwebhakitiriya inopinda kuburikidza neganda, zvichiita kuti kuora kwakapfava.
Kunonoka blight zviratidzo pamashizha anoita seasina kuumbwa mavara, ayo anowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kukura sezvo chirwere chinokura. Muganhu wakasvibira wakareruka unoumba kudivi repamusoro remashizha pamwe chete nemicheto yemavara. Mumamiriro ekunze ekunyorova, sporulation yewhite phytopathogen inokura pasi pemakwapa pamipendero. Pamusoro pemachubhu, chirwere chinoratidzika nenzira yemavara matsvuku. Iyo yakasviba yakasviba kuora inoumba mukati me tubers, iri padyo nepamusoro, asi iyo zvishoma nezvishoma inopinda pakati pemachubhu. Nzira huru yekupararira kwe phytopathogen iri kuburikidza nendege zoosporangia kubva kuminda ine utachiona, 'vanozvipira mbesa dzembatatisi' uye zvirimwa zvinorimwa pamirwi yemachubhu akaraswa pedyo neminda. Zvirimwa zvakakura kubva kune akaraswa machubhu, se "vanozvipira", anogonawo kuva matura ezvirwere zvehutachiona zvinoparadzirwa nemaaphid; zvimwe zvirwere (rhizoctoniosis, anthracnose, powdery scab) uye zvipembenene (nematodes yakasununguka, mbatatisi cyst nematodes, aphid). Pamusoro pezvo, maoospores anogona kuumba mavari, ayo anogona kuwedzera kuomesa kurwisa kunonoka blight nekuda kwekuwedzera kwengozi yekuramba nekuwedzera kwenhamba yemishonga yefungicide.
Mumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba, kudzivirira kumera kwembatatisi yakachekwa, mirwi inofanira kukurumidza kurapwa ne diquat kana glyphosate (kana zvinomera zvichionekwa, kurapwa kunofanira kudzokororwa). Nzira inobatsira zvikuru yekurwisana nemiti yakadaro ndeyekuvhara machubhu akaraswa nefirimu yakasviba. Pakati pemicheto yemurwi, firimu inofanira kunge yakanyatsochengetedzwa kuitira kuti zoosporangia ye phytopathogen irege kubhururuka, uye mhuka haigoni kupinda pasi pefirimu uye kubvarura. Kana murwi wakafukidzwa nefirimu kare, kurapwa kweglyphosate kungave kusingadiwi. Zvakakosha kuti machubhu anenge achekwa achengetwe kure nemunda wembatatisi uye kunobva mvura yekudiridza.
Zvakawanda zve Phytophthora infestans kubereka kweasexual, umo zoosporangia inogona kumera zvakananga se hyphae kana kusunungura zoospores ne flagella, inopinda muchirimwa kuburikidza nefirimu remvura. Oospores inogona kurarama kwenguva yakareba muvhu. Semuyenzaniso, maererano nenyanzvi dzechiDutch (Plant Pathology magazine, 2000), oospores inokwanisa kuchengetedza mbatatisi muvhu rejecha kwemwedzi 48, uye muvhu revhu kwemwedzi makumi matatu nemina kana yakazara nemvura. Izvo zvakacherechedzwa kuti iyo yakakura nhamba yeoospores yakaumbwa mumhando dzembatatisi ine yakaderera mwero wekupikisa-chaiwo kupikisa. Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuEuropean database Best4Soil (2020), kuderedza hutachiona hwevhu Phytophthora infestans (oospores), mbatatisi cyst nematodes, rhizoctonia nezvimwe zvipembenene, zvinokurudzirwa kudzorera mbatatisi kumunda mushure memakore mashanu.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, nzira yekudzivirira mbatatisi yaive yakavakirwa pakushandiswa kwenhamba yakawanda yekurapa nemishonga yekudzivirira chirimwa. Asi nguva pfupi yadarika, zvimwe nekuda kwekubuda kwemajenotypes matsva anoramba Phytophthora infestans (munyika dzakati wandei dzeEurope, genotype EU_43_A1, isingaenderane nemandipropamide pamadhora zana ppm), kuchengetedzwa kwembatatisi kwakasanganiswa kwave kushandiswa zvakanyanya.
Nzira dzekutanga dzekudzivirira mbatatisi dzakabatanidzwa kubva kunonoka blight:
- Kurima mhando dzembatatisi dzine chibodzwa chepamusoro.
- Kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo dzinotanga kutapukira (zvinomera “zvinozvipira”, mirwi yemachubhu akaraswa, machubhu embeu ane utachiona uye mbesa dzakakanganisika dzembatatisi).
- Kushandisa fungicide kurapwa sarudzo masisitimu zvichienderana neyakanonoka blight njodzi, kurwisa kwakasiyana uye mamiriro ekunze kuronga huwandu hwakakwana hwemishonga yekudzivirira chirimwa sechikamu cheanodzivirira kudzivirira. Chirongwa muchiRussia chakagadzirwa pahwaro hweAll-Russian Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF) VNIIFBlight. FGBNU VNIIF ine patent RU 2019663121 (2019) yechirongwa chekombuta "Express forecast - late blight" yekuwana fungidziro yepamhepo yekuvandudzwa kwekunonoka kweblight muRussian Federation. Parizvino kuRussia kune sarudzo yekuita sarudzo (DMS) yekuita mishonga yefungicide kubva kunonoka blight uye Alternaria "Agrodozor". Dzimwe nyika zhinji dzakagadzirawo zvirongwa zvekutora fungidziro yengozi yekunonoka. Semuenzaniso, kuUK kune online platform yekunonoka blight Hutton BlightSpy. Iyi puratifomu inochengetwa naJames Hutton Limited, data yemamiriro ekunze inopihwa neMet Institute uye ine rezinesi pasi peCreative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Mumatunhu akati wandei, zviwanikwa/mapuratifomu akagadzirwa sechikamu chebasa rekutsvagisa revanyanzvi pakutarisa chimiro chehuwandu uye huwandu hwekuramba zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa (semuenzaniso, muEurope - Euroblight, kuChina - ChinaBlight), ruzivo kubva kunobvumira vashandi kuti vashandise zvigadziriso zvekudzivirira chirimwa vachifunga nezvehuwandu hwehuwandu hwepathogen munharaunda uye huwandu hwayo hwekudzivisa fungicides. Papuratifomu yeEuropean consortium yenyanzvi nemasangano ekudzidza kwembatatisi kunonoka blight Euroblight matafura anochengetedzwa nemhedzisiro yekuyedzwa kwezvinhu zvinoshanda kurwisa kunonoka blight pazvikamu zvakasiyana zvechirimwa uye Alternaria.
- Kuparadzwa kwemachubhu anonoka kubatwa neblight mudura kuitira kuderedza kurasikirwa kwechubhu uye kuderedza huwandu hwehutachiona hwembeu hwegore rinotevera.
Maria Erokhova, muongorori, FGBNU VNIIF
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com