Pasina chena kabichi, iyo yava nheyo yezvokudya zvakawanda zvenyika, hazvibviri kufungidzira chikafu cheRussia.
Zviuru zvevarimi vemudzimba vari kurima miriwo, uye vazhinji vavo vanofarira kushanda nemahybrids ekunze. Pane imwe nzira yeRussia kune zvakabudirira zvekusarudzwa kweEurope, kune mbeu yakakwana yehutano pamusika, uye ndeipi ramangwana rakamirira kabichi, iyo muRus 'yaimbonzi "chingwa chechitatu"?
Iyi nemimwe mibvunzo inopindurwa nemuridzi ane mukurumbira pasi rose anga achigadzira Russian white cabbage mahybrids kweanopfuura makore makumi mana, General Director weN.N. Breeding Station LLC. Timofeev" RGAU-MSHA yakatumidzwa zita. K.A. Timiryazeva, Mumiriri weSainzi Zvekurima Grigory Monakhos.
- Grigory Fedorovich, sekuziva kwangu, muRussia kune mazuva ano, mahybrids anobereka zvikuru e white cabbage. Vanokwanisa here kukwikwidzana nekubudirira kwekusarudzwa kweEurope?
- Varimi vedu nevarimi vanobata vane mukana wezvakanakisa zvekupfuya zviwanikwa munyika, kunze uye mudzimba.
Mhando dzeRussia uye mahybrids nhasi ari kudiwa kunyanya pakati pezvivakwa zvemhuri, kubva kune iyo bhizinesi rembeu yepamba rinowana purofiti huru. Chikamu chevatengi ichi chinotora chikamu che90% chembeu dzembeu dzembeu dzinotengeswa munyika.
Mukugadzirwa kwekutengesa, mamiriro ezvinhu akanyatsopesana, asi pano, zvakare, inenge 70% yehuwandu hwekabheji yakanonoka inogadzirwa inopiwa nemahybrids edu Valentina, Dominanta, Prestige uye Orion.
Nhasi muminda yeRussia kune kurwa kunotyisa kwekuumbwa kwevarietal. Vapfuri vekuRussia vanokwikwidza zvakakodzerana nevanoshanda navo kunze kwenyika, vachigadzira mahybrids anofananidzwa mumhando kune ekunze uye kunyange akakwirira kwavari.
Asi varimi vajaira kushanda nemahybrids ekunze, vagara vachiarima, uye vanoziva simba rawo nekusasimba kwawo. Bazi rekurima rinochengetedza, uye vanogadzira havasati vagadzirira kusiya zvavanoda.
Mukuwedzera, kusiyana nemakambani epasi rose, vapfuri veRussia vanoita zvishomanana kusimudzira zvigadzirwa zvavo.
Zvinokosha kuziva kuti mune yakarongeka chena kabichi yekugadzira chikamu muKyrgyzstan, 80% yenzvimbo iyi inogarwa neRussia mahybrids Dominant uye Orion. Ndiko kuti, takakwanisa kubvisa kusarudzwa kweDutch kubva kune iyi republic, uye varimi vemiriwo vemo havadi kunyange kunzwa nezveimwe kabichi.
– White cabbage harina kuverengerwa mugwaro rezvirimwa izvo nyika yedu yakagadza maquotas ekutenga mbeu kubva kunze kwenyika. Asi mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuchinja. Muchiitiko ichi, varimi veRussia vachava nematambudziko here?
- Ndinofunga kuti hapazovi nemigumisiro yakaipa. Kusanganisira nekuti zvirambidzo hazvishande pakupinzwa kwembeu kubva kunyika dzine hushamwari, kunyanya kubva kunyika dzeEurasian Economic Union.
Parizvino, makambani ese epasi rose anoshanda mukugadzirwa kwembeu anoramba achishanda mumusika weRussia. Hapana kana mumwe wavo, sekuziva kwangu, achaenda.
Mamiriro ehurumende panyaya iyi haana kunyatsojeka. Sorutivi rwemutemo unoziviswa nenzwi guru wekuchinjanisa zvinhu kunze kwenyika, tinoona matanho asina musoro zvachose pazviremera. Gore negore, mari inosvika mabhiriyoni maviri eRubles inopedzerwa pakutsigira kutengwa kwembeu dzezvirimwa zvekunze. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nemitemo yeWTO, kunyangwe hafu yezvirango zvakatemerwa nyika yedu zvichityora zviri pachena. Muchidimbu, tiri kupa mari kune vatinokwikwidza, tichikurudzira hupfumi hwedzimwe nyika panguva iyo vapfuri vepamba vanoda rutsigiro rwakasimba.
- Ndeapi mabasa ari kushanda nevarimi veRussia izvozvi?
– Nyaya yekuwana kuramba kwewhite cabbage kuzvirwere zvakasiyana iri kuuya pamusoro. Takakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko reclubroot, uye mahybrids mana anoramba akabatanidzwa akatoiswa muState Register of Breeding Achievements. Ini ndinocherechedza kuti makambani maviri chete epasi rose ane zvigadzirwa zvakafanana mumhando yezvigadzirwa zvavo.
Mushure mekurasikirwa kukuru kwezvirimwa mumapurazi akati wandei eRussia kubva kuFusarium wilt, mhando dzakachinjirwa kuita mahybrids asingagone. Uye takazvipira kuti tisaende kunoongororwa marudzi nemahybrids ewhite cabbage pasina genetic resistance kuchirwere ichi.
Dambudziko idzva kwatiri kukundwa kwekabichi nemathrips efodya. Iwe unofanirwa kurwisana nayo uchishandisa nzira dzemakemikari. Zvakaoma zvikuru kugadzira mahybrids anoshivirira tumbuyu. Isu takakwanisa kuona kuti imhaka yezviri mukati meglucobrassicin, musanganiswa wechisikigo nekuda kweiyo miti yecruciferous inowana kuravira kunorwadza kunodzinga zvipembenene. Zvisinei, kana zvibereko zvanyanya kuibva, kuvava kunoderera uye thrips inokuvadza kabichi. Mune ramangwana, pane mukana wekubvisa thrips zviri nyore uye zvakachipa uchishandisa zvemukati biological zvigadzirwa. Mushure meongororo nyowani yekuyedza, isu tichava nedata rakawanda, uye zvino zvabuda zvetsvagurudzo yedu zvichange zvagadzirira kuburitswa.
Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemamineral fertilizer anoshandiswa mukukura kwemiriwo, rimwe dambudziko rave ranyanya. Misoro yemakabichi mumapurazi ari kurima zvakanyanya inobatwa nemukati menecrosis. Mamwe mahybrids anobatwa zvakanyanya nechirwere ichi chemuviri, asi vamwe vanochiramba. Asi munyaya iyi, chinogadzirisa chinogona kunge chiri kukanganisa kwevarimi pachavo. Chikonzero chenecrosis ndiko kuwedzera kwechirimwa chiri kukura. Kana, sezvakaita muRepublic yeMari El, kushandiswa kusina musoro kwemadonhwe eshiri sefetiraiza, izvo zvinotungamira kuwanda kweammonia muvhu, izvo zvinodzivirira chirimwa kubva pakutora calcium.
Takatsanangura matanho akawanda ekubvisa matambudziko ose akatsanangurwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kusikwa kwemaitiro anotsamwisa anodiwa pakusarudzwa kwewhite cabbage hybrids kune yega yega yemhando yekuberekesa.
- Pane here zvinhu zvinotadzisa basa resainzi?
- Ndinotenda kuti mamiriro akaiswa neState Variety Testing Commission emhando itsva nemahybrids anoda kuvandudzwa. Chiyero chikuru chekubatanidzwa muState Register chibereko chakakwirira, asi izvi hazvina kururama zvachose kana zvasvika kune miriwo.
Parizvino, hapana imwe yenyika yakasiyana-siyana nzvimbo inoongororwa simba rekuchengetedza zvirimwa zvemiriwo. Nguva yedu yechando inotora mwedzi inenge 6-7, uye nguva yose iyi vanhu vanoda kudyiswa nemiriwo yakachengetwa mukuchengetedza. Zviri pachena kuti super-yakagadzikana kabichi haina kubereka zvishoma uye ichasiyana mune zvimwe zvinhu zvevatengi. Asi zvino ngatisarudzei zvakanyanya kukosha kwatiri: kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza chikafu kana kudhirowa nhamba dzakanaka.
– Ndiani uye kupi ari kushanda mukugadzirwa kwembeu dzemahybrids emakabheji emumba?
- Masangano mana chete esainzi anobatanidzwa mukusarudza kabichi muRussia, kusanganisira iyo Timiryazev Academy. Uye chikamu chikuru chembeu yechirimwa yekurima miriwo yekutengeserana inopihwa nechiteshi chakatumidzwa zita reN.N. Timofeeva uye Agrofirm "Poisk".
Sangano redu rinotengesa tani yembeu pagore kubva pahuwandu hwematani matanhatu anodiwa nechikamu chakarongeka.
Kurimwa kwembeu chena kabichi kwakarongwa panzvimbo yekuyedza muRepublic yeDagestan, munzvimbo dzakaoma dzepasi. Mbeu dzinogadzirwa pachishandiswa nzira yakachipa, isingachinji pakudyara mbesa mumatsutso.Gore rakapera, kubva kune imwe nzvimbo kuDagestan, takawana makirogiramu 800 embeu dzakauchikwa dzine chikamu che95%. Ichi chiratidzo chakanaka, kunyange zvazvo dunhu richine rimwe basa rekuita. Matambudziko makuru anoramba ari kusatevedzera kutsaurwa kwenzvimbo uye kuparadzwa kukuru kwembeu nemombe.
- Zvinoita here kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwembeu?
- Parizvino tiri kudzora nzvimbo pasi pembeu dzembeu, sezvo isu hationi paine chikonzero chekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakawanda kupfuura zvatinokwanisa kutengesa. Asi nzvimbo yekuberekesa inogona kuwedzera kugadzirwa kanokwana kagumi chero nguva, kana paine kudiwa.
- Ndeapi marudzi epamba uye mahybrids anonyanya kufarirwa pakati pevagadziri?
- Pakati pemhando dzemakabheji, inonyanya kufarirwa iIyunskaya, Slava 1305, Slava Gribovskaya 231, Podarok, Belorusskaya 455, Amager 611, Zimovka 1474, yakagadzirwa paGribovskaya yekuberekesa chiteshi (ikozvino Federal Scientific Center yeVegetable Growing). Pakati pemahybrids ari kudiwa ndiNastya, Kazachok, Transfer, ayo anosiyaniswa nekukura kwavo kwekutanga, kubereka uye kuravira kwakanyanya.
- IN Ndezvipi, mumaonero ako, ndezvipi zvemusika chena kabichi muRussia?
– Tikatarisa maumbirwo emhando yembeu, tinoona kuti mahybrids anosvika 70% akarimwa munyika akagadzirwa makore 30-40, kana makore makumi mashanu apfuura. Pakati pevatorwa vari Atria, Rinda, Aggressor, vepamba vari Transfer, Kazachok, SB 50, Kolobok, Valentina.
Zvakaoma kuti makambani embeu apinde mumusika aine zvigadzirwa zvitsva. Zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvinowanzoita kunge zvisina kutorwa, saka mitengo yekugadzira makabheji mahybrids haibhadhare. Izvi, zvakare, nekuda kwekuchengetedza kwevarimi.
Kana iri kutengeswa kwekabichi yekutengeserana, mitemo pamusika mumakore achangopfuura yakagadziriswa nekutengesa. Cheni dzekutengesa dzinotarisira misoro yekabichi kubva kune vanogadzira vane humwe hunhu: huremu hunosvika makirogiramu maviri uye hupenyu hwesherufu hwepamusoro. Asi kabichi yakadaro ine fiber yakawanda, iyo isingaenderani nemutengi. Izvo hazvina kukodzera zvachose kuvirisa uye zvinoda kupisa kwenguva refu kurapwa.
Chikamu chezvekurima chinomanikidzwa kurima zvigadzirwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa netiweki. Varimi vemiriwo vanorasikirwa zvikuru nekudzikisa goho remahybrids akanonoka kubva pamatani 100 pahekita kusvika pa70-80 tons. Kunyangwe, maererano nehunyanzvi hwekurima, mugadziri anofanira kutanga kukohwa kana uremu hwemusoro wekabichi hunosvika makirogiramu matatu.
- Unotsanangura sei kudzikiswa kwenzvimbo dzakarimwa dzakacherechedzwa mumakore achangopfuura?
- Chekutanga, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwekuda kubva kuvanhu. Kudyiwa kwekabichi kuri kudzikira nekuti tsika yechikafu yachinja, uye tsika yekuvirisa makabheji en masse yechando haisisipo. Mukuwedzera, kusarudzwa kwemiriwo mitsva kwakawedzera zvikuru munguva yechando.
Kuda kurima makabheji munzvimbo dzakakura hazvichakoshi, sezvo varimi vazhinji vakawedzera goho regoho kusvika pakakwirira. Semuenzaniso, varimi vanoshanda nemahybrids edu vanowana zviri nyore matani zana nemakumi maviri pahekita.
Pane chimwe chikonzero chekuderedza munzvimbo pasi pekabheji - kushayikwa kwevashandi. Kukohwa chirimwa kunowanzoitwa nemaoko, asi hakuna vashandi vakakwana, kunyangwe vashanyi vanobva kumatunhu eCentral Asia. Kugadzirwa kwemusanganiswa wakasarudzika kwakaderera. Anokwanisa kukohwa hekita imwe chete pazuva, uye chete mumamiriro okunze akaoma, uye vanhu vapfumbamwe vanofanira kumushandira. Zvinoitika kuti kukura mimwe miriwo kubva kune borscht set, iyo kukohwa kwayo yakagadziriswa, inobatsira zvikuru.
– Grigory Fedorovich, ndedzipi tarisiro chena kabichi muRussia?
-Tarisiro yekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo iyi, kusanganisira maererano nekurera uye kugadzirwa kwembeu, zvinoenderana zvachose nebasa revatengi uye mutemo wenyika. Panguva ino, hapana achataura kana kuderera kwekudiwa kwekabheji kwasvika pakuguma kwayo, kana kuti mamiriro acho achawedzera kuipa.
Kutadza kuwedzera chiyero chebasa nekabichi, sangano redu resainzi rakatora chimwe chirimwa - rapeseed. MuRussia, anenge mamiriyoni maviri mahekita anogoverwa gore negore nokuda kwechibharo. Patova nekubudirira kwekutanga: takawana maspring rapeseed mahybrids ane mashandiro akanaka.
Takatarisa zvakare pakupfuya hanyanisi, chiyero chekugadzirwa kwacho chiri kukura; muna 2022, chirimwa ichi chakatora makabheji maererano nenzvimbo yakarimwa uye huwandu hwekugadzira. Maererano neBazi rezvekurima reRussia, gore iroro matani mamiriyoni 1,05 ehanyanisi uye matani 950 zviuru zvekabheji zvakakohwewa munyika yacho.
Vashandi vedu vakatogadzira akati wandei mahybrids ane genetic resistance kune downy mildew. Ikozvino imwe yemahybrids, Resistor, iri kuongororwa mamiriro akasiyana. Nenzira, mahybrids akafanana akaonekwa kunze kwenyika makore gumi apfuura, asi hapana kana mumwe wavo akanyoreswa muRussia. Hanyanisi dziri kubatwa nechirwere ichi dzinofanirwa kurapwa nemishonga inouraya fungidziro kanosvika katanhatu pamwaka. Zvinotora mari yakafanana kutenga mushonga wezvipembenene sezvaunoita kutenga mbeu. Ndiko kuti, makambani ekunze ari vatungamiriri mukutengesa kwemiti yekudzivirira zvigadzirwa haabatsiri kubva pakuonekwa kweakanakisa emazuva ano mahybrids muminda yedu. Saka tora yako mhedziso kana isu tichifanira kugutsikana nekubudirira kwesarudzo dzekuMadokero.
Irina Berg