Iyo kambani "Nyamavhuvhu" yakaongorora stereotypes yakajairika nezve biopesticides - zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvechirimwa zvinotenderwa kushandiswa mukukura zvigadzirwa uye zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvipenyu.
Musika wepasirese wekuti biopesticides inoonekwa seinokurumidza kukurumidza: kugoverwa kwezvinhu zvipenyu muhuwandu huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira kwezvirimwa zvichingori chete mashoma muzana, asi, sekureva kwehunyanzvi, kutengesa kwavo kuri kuwedzera ne15-20% pagore - zvakapetwa katatu zvakapetwa kupfuura soko rakatangwa rePCPP.
MuRussia, mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana: misika yebiopesticides uye CPPPs iri kukura nekukurumidza kuenzana. Kukura kwebiopesticides kazhinji kuri kusvika pamazinga epasi rose, uye kutengeswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka kwakawedzera neinosvika gumi muzana pagore mumakore gumi apfuura. Kubva 10 kusvika 2010, mari inoshandiswa pane zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza chirimwa muRussia pahekita imwe yenzvimbo yakadyarwa zvakapetwa - kubva pamakumi mashanu nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri nemasere. Izvi zvakaitika zvese nekuda kwekushanduka kwemazita ekuchinjana, kune iyo mutengo wezvinhu zvakakosha zvekudzivirira kwezvirimwa zvakasungirirwa, uye nekuda kwekuti tekinoroji zvine hunyanzvi zvinodiwa mukudzivirirwa kwezvirimwa hazvisati zvanyatsofukidzwa nemapurazi epamba. Uye kukura kwekukwanisa kuita munyika kuchiri kukuru: muRussia, mutengo pahekita mumadhora wakaderera zvakapetwa kaviri pane muUSA, uye2019 nguva dzakaderera kupfuura muGerman. Uye muJapan, iyo nyika ine chikamu chikuru chemazana emakore pakati pevagari, ivo vanoshandisa kanenge kagumi nemashanu zvakanyanya pahekita imwe yemapurazi kupfuura muRussia (asi zvinofanirwa kutorwa mupfungwa kuti muJapan chirimwa chinopfuura chimwe chinokohwehwa pahekita rimwe pagore nemitengo yezvipembenene pane zvakakwirira kwazvo).
Kana ari biopesticides, chikamu chakakosha chazvo ndechimwe cheboka rezvipembenene zvakagadzirirwa kudzora zvipembenene, uye fungicides anoshandiswa kudzikamisa fungal hutachiona hwezvirimwa. Zvakare, zvigadzirwa zvezvisikwa zvakarongeka zvakakura seanokura zvinosimudzira uye zvikamu zvekudzvinyirira - zvinosuruvarisa kuti hazviwanzo kuitika nekubudirira. Biopesticides zvakaoma kukwikwidza neboka rinodikanwa kwazvo rePCPP - herbicides. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nepo izvo zvakanyanya kukurudzira izvo zvinogona kunyengedza murimi kuti ashandise biopesticides ndiko kupihwa kwemahara kwemushonga uye kurudziro kubva kune vamwe pamwe navo, nepo chinhu chikuru chinokurudzira chekuti ushandise CPPD kuvimba mune izvo, zvichibva pane zvavo ruzivo. Uye zvakare, kushandiswa kwebiopesticides kazhinji kunoda hunhu hwakakosha husingawanzo kuvimba nevarimi.
Nyika dzakasiyana siyana vanofunga zvakasiyana kuti ndeapi madhiragi ane kodzero yekudaidzwa kuti biopesticides. Nekudaro, muRussia, tsananguro inopihwa mu GOST R 56694-2015: izvi "zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza chirimwa chinoshandiswa kurwisa zvipukanana zvezvirimwa zvinodyarwa, izvo zvinhu zvipenyu kana zvakasikwa biological zvine hunyanzvi makemikari akaumbwa nezvinhu zvipenyu." MuEuropean Union, biopesticides inotsanangurwa se "chimiro chetachiona chinokonzerwa nehutachiona kana zvigadzirwa zvepanyama." Iyo US Environmental Protection Agency, mukuwedzera kune hutachiona hwekugadzirira kubva pamabhakitiriya, fungi uye mavairasi, zvakare inorongedza genetical modified tsika, umo genorganism genes yakawedzerwa, se biopesticides. Semuenzaniso, endotoxin gene yemabhakitiriya emhando Bacillus thuringiensis, iyo pachayo inoshandiswa sechipembenene. Semhedzisiro, chirimwa pachacho chinogadzira hupfu hunoparadza chinhu chinokuvadza. Asi muUSA, biochemical mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inorongedzwa nezvipenyu zvinosanganisira chete izvo zvinhu zvinodzora zvipembenene chete neasina-chepfu michina (senge zvipembenene zvepamhepo pheromones dzinodzivirira kutana etc.).
Iyo kambani "Nyamavhuvhu" inotaura kuti kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvehutachiona, bhakitiriya kana fungus semhando yekudzivirira vamiriri, kana tichienzanisa nezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari, zvinogumira pazvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha. Kutanga, ivo vanoda ekisheni yekuchengetera mamiriro ezvinhu, sezvo vachiwanzo "kushatisa" pakukwira kwakanyanya kana kwakashata. Chechipiri, hupenyu hwavo hwekufufetwa hwakawanda kakati wandei, uye dzimwe nguva kurongeka kwehukuru, hwakaderera pane hweCPSP. MaPheromones, semuenzaniso, akachengetwa mufiriji, uye tsika ye-trichoderma howa, ine fungicidal maitiro, ichaendeswa kunyange nemurimi anokwanisa mufiriji. Asi iyo inonyanya kukosha ndeyechitatu: kubudirira kwe "zvigadzirwa" zvigadzirwa kunonyanya kutarisana nemamiriro ekunze. Kana dzisina kunaka, uye kukwikwidza pamwe neakasikwa akasikwa enzvimbo zvakakura, "kurarama" mishonga yekuuraya zvipuka inogona kusabatsira.
“Hutachiona hwezvinhu zvipenyu sezvigadzirwa zvehutachiona hwekudyara kana hwekudyarwa kwezvirimwa hauna kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuzvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvinodzivirira, kunze kwenzira yekugadzirwa kwechinhu chinoshanda. Vatengi vezvigadzirwa dzimwe nguva havatomboziva kuti ivo havasi vekuumbwa kwekutanga, - anodaro Mikhail Danilov. - Semuenzaniso, iyo inoshanda kwazvo isina kuchengetedzekaacarokuzviona, iyo inouraya makonye uye inokuvadza zvipembenene, ndeye marara chigadzirwa chefungi Streptomyces avermitilis. "Kunyange hazvo zvichiita sekunge" bio "yakachengeteka, asiectinini yezvipuka inongova yakakura kwazvo isina huturu pane potasium cyanide."
Panguva imwecheteyo, kushandiswa kwakakodzera kweCPSP kunovimbisa kuti hakuna kukuvara kune zvakasikwa uye nevanhu. Iyo mishonga pachayo yave kuita multilevel kuchengetedza kuyedzwa. Zvinotora anopfuura gore rimwe chete kubva panguva iyo inganidzo inoshanda inoedzwa kutengesa kwechigadzirwa chiri pachiri. Pamusoro pekuongororwa kwebiwiki kwakanangana nekutarisa chiitiko chechinhu chinopesana nechinhu chinokuvadza, huwandu hwese hwenyonganiso yehuturu inoitwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinodhaka zvakapera zvinosiya musika. Chekutanga pane zvese, izvi zvinhu zvine kushingirira kwakakura kunochengeterwa muzvinhu zvakatipoteredza kwenguva yakareba, pamwe neizvo zvinokarirwa kuita bioaccumulation - kuunganidzwa mumuviri muhusungwa hwakakura kupfuura zvavari munharaunda yekunze. Chepiri, izvi zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nehupombwe nezvekunetseka.
"Dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethylmethane (DDT), ine huturu-hwakaderera, asi yakarambidzwa nhasi munyika dzese dzepasi rose, yaishandiswa pakurwisa umhutu uye zvipembenene zvechirimwa uye yakaratidza kuve ichirwisa kuora. Muvhu, hafu-yehupenyu hwayo hunogona kudarika makore gumi nemashanu. Mukuwedzera, iyo yakanga ine yakanyanya yakanyanya bioaccumulation mwero. Mune ketani yekudya, silt - algae - crustaceans - hove - hove dzinodya hove, kuiswa kwayo kwakawedzera zviuru gumi. Panguva imwecheteyo, hatifanire kukanganwa kuti mumakumi matatu emakore DDT yakabatsira kuchengetedza kusvika hafu yemabhiriyoni vanhu vasina kufa nemarariya, ”Mikhail Danilov anodaro senzaniso.
Kugadzirira kune njodzi kwemakemikari chirimwa kuchengetedza kunova kana kushandiswa zvisizvo - kutanga kwezvose, apo mirau yekushandisa ikatyorwa. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune zvakajairwa uye nemashandisirwo ekushandiswa kwemishonga yekuuraya zvipuka, uye kushandisa kwavo pazvirimwa zvavasina kurongerwa - semuenzaniso, nekuda kwehutsanana hunhu.
“Kana uchishandisa organophosphate insecticides kana benzimidazole fungicides pagorosi, hapazovi nehuremo mune zviyo, asi kushandisa ivo kudzivirira lettuce kubva thrips uye fusarium imhosva. Zvine kusuwa, kusvika parizvino hazvisi zvese zvigadzirwa muRussian Federation zvinotariswa kuti zvienderane nemaitiro ehupfumi hwese hunobvumirwa mariri emishonga yemishonga uye isina hupfu hune ngozi hwehutachiona hwepanyama, "anopfupisa Mikhail Danilov.
Zvinyorwa zvinopihwa nevekutsikirira sevhisi yekambani "Nyamavhuvhu"